Research Article
Wealth Status, Health Insurance, and Maternal Health Care Utilization in Africa: Evidence from Gabon
Table 2
Health care services utilization across maternal characteristics (n = 8,422).
| Variable | Antenatal care (≥4 visits) (%) | Facility-based delivery (%) | Postnatal care (%) | Health insurance coverage (%) |
| Age | | | | | 15–19 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 17.7 | 20–24 | 26.1 | 25.4 | 24.8 | 16.1 | 25–29 | 23.4 | 22.6 | 22.3 | 14.8 | 30–34 | 17.9 | 17.6 | 18.1 | 14.1 | 35–39 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 40–44 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 6.7 | 12.7 | 45–49 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 11.0 |
| Place of residence | | | | | Urban | 71.8 | 70.2 | 70.1 | 62.8 | Rural | 28.2 | 29.8 | 29.9 | 37.2 |
| Region | | | | | Libreville-Port-Gentil | 18.5 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 11.5 | Estuaire | 9.9 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 8.4 | Haut-Ogooue | 13.8 | 12.2 | 9.5 | 13.0 | Moyen-Ogooue | 5.8 | 7.9 | 8.2 | 8.9 | Ngounie | 9.9 | 11.0 | 12.6 | 12.6 | Nyanga | 8.4 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 7.7 | Ogooue Maritime | 7.7 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 5.3 | Ogooue-Ivindo | 9.2 | 9.6 | 10.5 | 16.1 | Ogooue-Lolo | 10.5 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 10.9 | Woleu-Ntem | 6.4 | 6.4 | 4.3 | 5.9 |
| Religion | | | | | Christianity | 84.7 | 85.4 | 84.8 | 88.3 | Islam | 6.3 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 1.6 | Other religions | 1.3 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.1 | No religion | 7.7 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 9.0 |
| Wealth index | | | | | Poorest | 33.6 | 36.8 | 36.7 | 44.6 | Poorer | 24.5 | 24.4 | 23.7 | 21.0 | Middle | 16.6 | 16.4 | 16.7 | 12.9 | Richer | 13.9 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 10.6 | Richest | 11.5 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 10.9 |
| Working status | | | | | Currently employed | 41.0 | 40.9 | 42.5 | 45.6 | Unemployed | 59.0 | 59.1 | 57.5 | 54.4 |
| Sex of the household head | | | | | Male | 66.9 | 66.6 | 66.8 | 62.8 | Female | 33.1 | 33.4 | 33.2 | 37.2 |
| Reading newspaper/magazine | | | | | Yes | 45.6 | 45.4 | 47.1 | 44.9 | No | 54.4 | 54.6 | 52.9 | 55.1 |
| Listening to radio | | | | | Yes | 50.6 | 50.3 | 52.3 | 50.9 | No | 49.4 | 49.7 | 47.7 | 49.1 |
| Watching TV | | | | | Yes | 86.9 | 85.5 | 86.1 | 80.0 | No | 13.1 | 14.5 | 13.9 | 20.0 |
| Level of education | | | | | None | 4.7 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 3.3 | Primary | 31.3 | 32.7 | 33.7 | 39.2 | Secondary | 59.6 | 58.9 | 57.2 | 52.8 | Higher | 4.4 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 4.8 |
| Marital status | | | | | Never married | 22.0 | 22.2 | 21.7 | 29.0 | Currently married/living with a partner | 78.0 | 77.8 | 78.3 | 71.0 |
| Wanted last child | | | | | Then | 57.2 | 56.2 | 58.3 | 54.6 | Later | 36.7 | 36.9 | 35.0 | 36.3 | No more | 6.1 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 9.1 |
| Age at first birth | | | | | <18 years | 42.4 | 44.0 | 43.7 | 47.4 | 18–25 years | 52.9 | 51.3 | 51.3 | 48.3 | ≥26 years | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.3 |
| Parity | | | | | Nil | | | | 19.3 | 1–3 | 63.2 | 61.9 | 61.7 | 40.9 | ≥4 | 36.8 | 38.1 | 38.3 | 39.8 |
| Women’s decision-making power | | | | | Low | 36.1 | 35.8 | 35.7 | 33.1 | Moderate | 33.4 | 33.0 | 32.3 | 35.9 | High | 30.5 | 31.2 | 32.0 | 31.0 |
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