Wealth Status, Health Insurance, and Maternal Health Care Utilization in Africa: Evidence from Gabon

Table 2

Health care services utilization across maternal characteristics (n = 8,422).

Variable	Antenatal care (≥4 visits) (%)	Facility-based delivery (%)	Postnatal care (%)	Health insurance coverage (%)
Age
15–19	12.2	12.9	12.6	17.7
20–24	26.1	25.4	24.8	16.1
25–29	23.4	22.6	22.3	14.8
30–34	17.9	17.6	18.1	14.1
35–39	12.2	12.5	13.3	13.6
40–44	6.5	7.1	6.7	12.7
45–49	1.7	1.9	1.9	11.0
Place of residence
Urban	71.8	70.2	70.1	62.8
Rural	28.2	29.8	29.9	37.2
Region
Libreville-Port-Gentil	18.5	17.6	18.6	11.5
Estuaire	9.9	9.7	9.3	8.4
Haut-Ogooue	13.8	12.2	9.5	13.0
Moyen-Ogooue	5.8	7.9	8.2	8.9
Ngounie	9.9	11.0	12.6	12.6
Nyanga	8.4	8.7	9.5	7.7
Ogooue Maritime	7.7	7.3	8.5	5.3
Ogooue-Ivindo	9.2	9.6	10.5	16.1
Ogooue-Lolo	10.5	9.6	9.2	10.9
Woleu-Ntem	6.4	6.4	4.3	5.9
Religion
Christianity	84.7	85.4	84.8	88.3
Islam	6.3	5.8	6.2	1.6
Other religions	1.3	1.1	1.3	1.1
No religion	7.7	7.7	7.7	9.0
Wealth index
Poorest	33.6	36.8	36.7	44.6
Poorer	24.5	24.4	23.7	21.0
Middle	16.6	16.4	16.7	12.9
Richer	13.9	12.4	12.6	10.6
Richest	11.5	10.0	10.3	10.9
Working status
Currently employed	41.0	40.9	42.5	45.6
Unemployed	59.0	59.1	57.5	54.4
Sex of the household head
Male	66.9	66.6	66.8	62.8
Female	33.1	33.4	33.2	37.2
Reading newspaper/magazine
Yes	45.6	45.4	47.1	44.9
No	54.4	54.6	52.9	55.1
Listening to radio
Yes	50.6	50.3	52.3	50.9
No	49.4	49.7	47.7	49.1
Watching TV
Yes	86.9	85.5	86.1	80.0
No	13.1	14.5	13.9	20.0
Level of education
None	4.7	4.6	5.0	3.3
Primary	31.3	32.7	33.7	39.2
Secondary	59.6	58.9	57.2	52.8
Higher	4.4	3.8	4.1	4.8
Marital status
Never married	22.0	22.2	21.7	29.0
Currently married/living with a partner	78.0	77.8	78.3	71.0
Wanted last child
Then	57.2	56.2	58.3	54.6
Later	36.7	36.9	35.0	36.3
No more	6.1	6.9	6.7	9.1
Age at first birth
<18 years	42.4	44.0	43.7	47.4
18–25 years	52.9	51.3	51.3	48.3
≥26 years	4.7	4.7	5.0	4.3
Parity
Nil				19.3
1–3	63.2	61.9	61.7	40.9
≥4	36.8	38.1	38.3	39.8
Women’s decision-making power
Low	36.1	35.8	35.7	33.1
Moderate	33.4	33.0	32.3	35.9
High	30.5	31.2	32.0	31.0