Essential Oils of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

Table 1

Chemical composition and yield of C. citratus essential oils collected in Phu Tho province.

Components	(RI)	Hy Cuong		Ha Loc		Lam Thao		Kim Duc
		HCL (%)	HCC (%)	HLL (%)	HLC (%)	LTL (%)	LTC (%)	KDL (%)	KDC (%)
α-pinene	940	—	0.27	—	0.13	—	—	—	—
Camphene	956	—	0.58	—	0.30	—	0.23	—	0.23
6-methylhept-5-en-2-one	988	0.96	0.72	1.23	0.71	0.93	0.79	0.82	0.58
Myrcene	993	8.61	5.44	10.30	3.82	9.38	4.76	8.87	3.09
Dehydro-1,8-cineole	997	—	—	—	0.14	—	—	—	—
Limonene	1035	—	—	2.19	0.30	—	0.11	—	—
(Z)-β-ocimene	1039	1.07	3.80	0.84	3.12	1.23	3.26	0.92	2.52
(E)-β-ocimene	1050	0.56	1.72	0.51	1.40	0.61	1.50	0.51	1.19
γ-Terpinene	1064	—	—	0.17	—	—	—	—	—
Linalool	1104	1.26	1.42	1.33	1.40	1.23	1.47	1.03	1.22
Lavandulol	1148	0.18	—	0.23	0.10	0.41	0.34	0.35	0.25
Citronellal	1156	0.26	0.56	0.20	0.31	0.13	0.59	0.22	0.47
trans-chrysanthemol	1158	0.19	—	0.25	—	—	—	0.14	—
Isoneral	1164	0.77	0.67	1.10	0.74	1.29	1.28	1.33	1.02
p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol	1172	—	0.19	0.17	0.59	—	—	2.10	—
Borneol	1179	—	0.25	—	—	—	0.16	—	0.25
Isogeranial	1182	1.10	1.04	1.56	1.26	1.98	1.96	—	1.74
α-terpineol	1201	—	0.20	—	0.22	—	0.17	0.20	0.23
Citronellol	1232	0.74	1.81	0.48	1.54	0.70	1.37	0.57	1.91
Nerol	1234	0.36	0.32	0.35	0.58	0.24	0.24	0.29	0.73
Neral	1245	33.25	26.72	32.68	27.51	32.12	30.16	31.02	27.52
Geraniol	1254	3.79	3.10	4.33	3.51	3.76	3.36	3.69	3.49
Geranial	1274	42.21	34.87	40.19	34.98	40.58	38.97	38.32	34.68
2-undecanone	1296	0.14	—	—	—	—	—	0.12	—
Dimethoxy-(Z)-citral	1321	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.49	0.55
Methyl geranate	1323	—	—	—	0.14	—	0.12	—	0.16
Dimethoxy-(E)-citral	1344	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.09	1.17
Geranic acid	1353	—	—	—	0.19	—	—	—	—
Eugenol	1369	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.48	0.30
Geranyl acetate	1385	0.52	0.31	1.09	0.25	1.02	0.51	1.10	0.66
α-Cedrene	1433	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.24	0.33
(E)-Caryophyllene	1438	0.32	0.60	0.20	0.47	0.33	0.26	0.40	0.56
α-trans-bergamotene	1446	0.22	0.41	—	0.27	—	0.13	0.14	0.23
α-humulene	1473	—	—	—	0.14	—	—	—	—
Germacrene D	1499	—	0.23	—	0.27	—	—	0.34	0.44
β-chamigrene	1500	—	—	—	0.15	—	—	—	—
δ-Selinene	1506	—	0.31	—	0.30	—	—	—	0.13
α-Muurolene	1514	—	—	—	0.27	—	—	—	—
cis-dihydroagarofuran	1528	—	0.32	—	0.30	—	—	—	0.24
γ-cadinene	1531	—	0.27	—	0.17	—	—	—	—
δ-cadinene	1538	—	0.69	—	0.68	—	0.37	0.12	0.75
(E)-γ-bisabolene	1543	—	0.39	—	0.24	—	—	—	0.19
Caryophyllene oxide	1606	0.32	—	—	0.18	0.22	—	0.18	—
5-Epi-7-epi-α-eudesmol	1626	0.20	0.78	—	0.60	—	0.34	0.13	0.85
Cedrol	1631	—	—	—	-	—	—	0.29	0.29
Valerianol	1657	—	0.48	—	0.35	—	0.22	—	0.58
Epi-α-muurolol	1663	—	0.87	—	0.76	—	0.41	—	0.89
Hinesol	1666	—	0.33	—	—	—	—	—	0.38
Epi-α-cadinol	1666	—	—	—	0.26	—	—	—	—
α-cadinol	1676	0.42	1.56	—	1.48	0.48	0.88	0.34	1.92
Neo-intermedeol	1685	—	1.07	—	—	0.37	0.69	—	—
Intermedeol	1687	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.13	—
(Z, Z)-Farnesol	1727	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.14
(E, E)-Farnesol	1732	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.14
(E, Z)-Farnesol	1752	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.17
Total identified (%)		97.60	92.30	99.40	90.13	97.01	94.65	98.97	92.37
Yield (%)		0.63	0.57	0.68	0.53	0.71	0.56	0.61	0.53

^aYield calculated based on the fresh materials; RI: retention index; HCC: culm oil collected in Hy Cuong; HCL: leaf oil collected in Hy Cuong; HLC: culm oil collected in Ha Loc; HLL: leaf oil collected in Ha Loc; LTC: culm oil collected in Lam Thao; LTL: leaf oil collected in Lam Thao; KDC: culm oil collected in Kim Duc; KDL: leaf oil collected in Kim Duc.