Unveiling the Potential of Bioinoculants and Nanoparticles in Sustainable Agriculture for Enhanced Plant Growth and Food Security

Table 2

Nanobiofertilizer’s role in diverse plants under controlled and stressful conditions [16, 42–45].

Host plant	Stress environment	Formulation of nanobiofertilizer	Plant responses
Phaseolus vulgaris L.	Normal	Biofertilizer (Rhizobium) + organic fertilizer + ZnNPs	Increased biomass leaf area, plant height, and leaf number; Increased pod yield, nutritional absorption, carbohydrate, and protein content
Triticum aestivum and Cicer arietinum L.	Biological stress	Biofertilizer (Paenibacillus polymyxa) + acylated homoserine-coated Fe-carbon nanofibres	Increased chlorophyll content, biomass, and length; Pathogen-resistance development
Solanum tuberosum L.	Normal	Biofertilizer (nitroxin) + AgNPs	Increased plant tuber count, diameter, and weight
Zea mays	Normal	Biofertilizer (Bacillus spp.) + nanozeolite	Increased plant length, protein, and chlorophyll content
Zea mays	Drought stress	Biofertilizer + nanochelated B and Zn	Increases in chlorophyll content, ear length, ear diameter, leaf area, and relative water content among other morphological and physiological improvements; Improved yield parameters
Triticum aestivum	Cd stress	Biofertilizer (composted biochar farmyard manure) + ZnO NPs	Increased plant photosynthetic pigments, antioxidants, biomass, and yield
Triticum aestivum	Stress and nonstress conditions	Biofertilizer; (Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, and Azospirillum) + oxide NPs of Fe-Zn	Elevated levels of proline, soluble sugars, and enzyme activity; Improved productivity by 88% under drought environment relative to the control group
Triticum secale	Cadmium stress	Biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum, A. caulinodans, and Azospirillum brasilense) + TiNPs	Increased grain production, relative water, chlorophyll content, and grain weight; Lowered Cd levels in leaves and seeds
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.	Normal	Biofertilizer (Azotobacter) + nanofertilizer	Increased chlorophyll, carotenoid, and carbohydrate content
Brassica juncea L.	Heavy metal stress	Biofertilizer (compost and biochar) + zero-valent FeNPs	Total carbon, phosphorus, total nitrogen, and pH increased; The growth and height of plants are improved