The increase of global Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) is a serious health concern, and the progression of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing bacteria makes it worse. The most important etiologic bacterial agents of UTIs are the members of Enterobacteriaceae. Among them, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) are considered the most active bacterial sources for ESBL enzymes. Simultaneously, the activity of UTIs causative members of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae may lead to different types of UTIs in individuals. Recognition of ESBL-producing bacterial strains and their relationships with recurrent UTIs, complicated or uncomplicated UTIs, symptomatic and/or asymptomatic UTIs, diversity of hosts’ susceptibility factors, gender, and different diseases helps us in comparing them. The portion of ESBLs, ESBL-producing strains, and the related UTIs vary in different geographic regions and zones. Beta-lactamases can be distinguished by different characteristics. Structure and activity are significant characteristics used for ESBL categorizations. Based on these characteristics, TEM, SHV, and CTX are the most recognized types of ESBL.

Due to the increases of UTIs, ESBL-producing strains, and types of ESBLs among human populations worldwide, we encourage submissions that discuss possibilities for prevention and control.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

• The role of virulence genes in progression of UTIs and ESBL enzymes
• Map of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in association with UTIs
• How to prevent the progression of ESBLs
• Relationship between bacterial virulence factors and ESBLs
• Most recent classification of ESBL types
• The use of effective antibiotics and drugs to inhibit the probable resistance
• Bioinformatics of antibiotics and drugs, virulence genes, ESBL, and human Immune system
• Relationship between ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae
• UTIs and the host