Behavioural Neurology / 2014 / Article / Tab 2 / Clinical Study
Executive and Language Control in the Multilingual Brain Table 2 Samples of Dr. T’s code switching at the single-word level (confrontation naming).
Language Examples Cantonese (L1) to English (L2) or Mandarin (L3) (i) 車 厘 子 (cherry ): “嗰 個 嗰 個 (that … that ) strawberry … 嗰 啲 叫 咩 (what is that called )… xxx… xxx… cherry ” (ii) 士 巴 拿 (spanner ): “他 (he ) xxx… 好 (ok ) … xxx… 你 (you ) xxx opener … 開 心 (happy ) xxx啦 (a sentence final particle in Cantonese )… 不 會 (will not ) xxx… xxx… xxx” (iii) 檸 檬 (lemon ): “lemon 好 酸 架 (is very sour )… 端 (a phonemic paraphasia of the Cantonese word “sour” )… 酸 (sour )… 端 (a phonemic paraphasia of the Cantonese word “sour” )… 酸 (sour )” English (L2) to Cantonese (L1) or Mandarin (L3) (i) Lion : “[laigə ]… the nail one , the male one … like … xxx …他 們 (they ) xxx…他 們 (they ) xxx… 飛 飛 (fly, fly …)… xxx” (ii) Ant : “flies … 唔 係 (not really )…他 們 (they ) xxx… xxx… ant , ant ” (iii) Lemon : “apple … 唔 係 唔 係 係 (not really, not really ), moon … 農 (farm ), 農 (farm ), 難 便 (difficult )… lemon , lemon ” Mandarin (L3) to Cantonese (L1) or English (L2) (i) 梨 子 (pear ): “pear ” (ii) 檸 檬 (lemon ): “lemon ” (iii) 腳 (leg ): “腳 (leg )” (iv) 手 錶 (watch ): “錶 (watch )”
Notes: all verbal responses in English were bold and all verbal responses in Mandarin were boxed. Glosses and/or remarks in English were italicized and given in parentheses. Unintelligible vocalizations (or jargons) were transcribed as xxx. Note that several xxx strings were used in a row, in case the number of unintelligible words could be distinguished.