Executive and Language Control in the Multilingual Brain

Table 2

Samples of Dr. T’s code switching at the single-word level (confrontation naming).

Language	Examples
Cantonese (L1) to English (L2) or Mandarin (L3)	(i) 車 厘子 (cherry): “嗰 個嗰 個 (that… that) strawberry… 嗰 啲叫 咩 (what is that called)… xxx… xxx… cherry”; (ii) 士 巴拿 (spanner): “他 (he) xxx… 好 (ok) … xxx… 你 (you) xxx opener… 開 心 (happy) xxx啦 (a sentence final particle in Cantonese)… 不 會 (will not) xxx… xxx… xxx”; (iii) 檸 檬 (lemon): “lemon 好 酸架 (is very sour)… 端 (a phonemic paraphasia of the Cantonese word “sour”)… 酸 (sour)… 端 (a phonemic paraphasia of the Cantonese word “sour”)… 酸 (sour)”
English (L2) to Cantonese (L1) or Mandarin (L3)	(i) Lion: “[laigə]… the nail one, the male one… like… xxx …他 們 (they) xxx…他 們 (they) xxx… 飛 飛 (fly, fly…)… xxx”; (ii) Ant: “flies… 唔 係 (not really)…他 們 (they) xxx… xxx… ant, ant”; (iii) Lemon: “apple… 唔 係唔 係係 (not really, not really), moon… 農 (farm), 農 (farm), 難 便 (difficult)… lemon, lemon”
Mandarin (L3) to Cantonese (L1) or English (L2)	(i) 梨 子 (pear): “pear”; (ii) 檸 檬 (lemon): “lemon”; (iii) 腳 (leg): “腳 (leg)”; (iv) 手 錶 (watch): “錶 (watch)”

Notes: all verbal responses in English were bold and all verbal responses in Mandarin were boxed. Glosses and/or remarks in English were italicized and given in parentheses. Unintelligible vocalizations (or jargons) were transcribed as xxx. Note that several xxx strings were used in a row, in case the number of unintelligible words could be distinguished.