Effects of Different Types of Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function, Brain Structure, and Driving Safety in Senior Daily Drivers: A Pilot Study

Figure 2

Changes in the cognitive function composite scores in each training group. (a) Processing speed was evaluated as a composite of the Trail Making Test- (TMT-) A and Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) measures. (b) Executive function was evaluated as a composite of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Word Fluency Test (WFT), and TMT-B test measures. (c) Working memory was evaluated as a composite of the Spatial Span (SS), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) measures. (d) Composite measure of cognitive impairment (COGSTAT) [5] was evaluated by combining the Block Design (BD), WFT, TMT-B, BVRT, Complex Figure Test- (CFT-) Copy, CFT-Recall, AVLT, and Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) scores. Score changes were adjusted for age, sex, and Pre (baseline) scores. The error bars in the graphs show the standard errors of the mean (SEM) for the subjects in each group.

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