Effects of Different Types of Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function, Brain Structure, and Driving Safety in Senior Daily Drivers: A Pilot Study

Table 4

Summary of the changes in the cognitive function composites and the driving safety measures within each training group and the statistical differences between the groups.

	Group C ( = 12)			Group P ( = 11)			Group V ( = 12)			P versus C	V versus C	V versus P
	Mean	SEM	P value	Mean	SEM	P value	Mean	SEM	P value	P value	P value	P value
Cognitive function composites
Processing speed	2.05	2.89	0.455	2.44	3.19	0.520	5.84	3.46	0.048	0.833	0.341	0.391
Executive function	1.58	4.63	0.455	2.58	4.98	0.520	5.23	3.16	0.076	0.786	0.786	0.786
Working memory	9.20	4.45	0.092	−7.86	7.09	0.926	7.47	3.78	0.048	0.156	0.713	0.156
COGSTAT	20.89	8.73	0.078	−0.67	8.62	0.621	10.53	6.76	0.076	0.354	0.413	0.413
Driving safety measures
Driving aptitude	2.48	0.74	0.015	0.85	0.90	0.520	4.33	1.08	0.015	0.219	0.219	0.112
On-road evaluation	1.42	1.43	0.255	1.03	1.45	0.525	3.64	1.31	0.040	0.695	0.567	0.567

SEM: standard error of the mean; COGSTAT: a composite measure of cognitive impairment.
The means and SEMs of each of the changes in the measures were calculated from the differences in the measure (Post − Pre) that were adjusted for age, sex, and the Pre (baseline) score of the measure. The P values for each group show the significance of the improvements (Post − Pre > 0) obtained from the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (one-sided) and corrected by the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) procedure to control the false discovery rate (FDR). The P values for each pair of the groups were from the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (two-sided), which explored the significant group differences in the improvements of each measure with a correction for multiple comparisons with the BH procedure in order to control the FDR.