Cognitive and Functional Impairment in Stroke Survivors with Basilar Artery Occlusive Disease
Table 1
Comparison of cognitive outcomes (raw score) between BAOD patients and healthy controls.
Cognitive functions
Cognitive tests
Patients
Controls
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
Memory
Short-term memory
Digit Span
10.0 (2.52)
10.85 (2.73)
0.208
Long-term memory (verbal episodic memory)
HVLT-R immediate recall
18.04 (5.10)
21.85 (3.11)
0.002
HVLT-R delayed recall
5.04 (2.85)
6.81 (1.78)
0.008
HVLT-R recognition
8.86 (2.22)
10.00 (1.11)
0.048
Long-term memory (visuospatial episodic memory)
BVMT-R immediate recall
14.78 (10.11)
19.59 (6.52)
0.043
BVMT-R delayed recall
5.59 (4.05)
7.67 (2.90)
0.035
BVMT-R recognition
4.85 (1.35)
5.70 (0.54)
0.015
Language
Naming
BNT
43.89 (8.77)
48.48 (5.21)
0.048
Executive function
Monitoring rules
Phonemic Verbal Fluency
23.73 (10.67)
26.62 (8.09)
0.277
Category Fluency
12.11 (4.43)
13.59 (2.62)
0.095
Mental flexibility
MWCST
3.29 (1.8)
4.48 (1.50)
0.013
Perceptive and visuospatial ability
Perceptive ability
Fragmented Letters
18.52 (2.08)
19.15 (0.93)
0.645
Visuospatial ability
Position Discrimination
18.14 (1.94)
19.59 (0.75)
0.002
Attention and processing speed
Processing speed
SDMT
18.14 (12.10)
28.26 (10.57)
0.001
Sustained attention
TMT Part A
70.61 (55.26)
50.85 (20.28)
0.152
Set-shifting attention
TMT Part B
202.13 (86.95)
135.27 (48.08)
0.013
Selective attention
Stroop C
49.00 (22.34)
33.58 (7.29)
0.001
Cognitive screening
MMSE
25.09 (3.68)
27.44 (1.45)
0.018
Note. indicates and indicate . Digit Span: number of correct responses of forward plus backward order; HVLT-R and BVMT-R: immediate recall (sum of 3 immediate recall trials), delayed recall (sum of words or figures with form and location correct), and recognition (correct hits minus false-positive responses); BNT: hits without prompts plus hits after semantic prompts; MWCST: total number of categories; Phonemic Verbal Fluency Task: sum of words beginning with F + A + S; Category Fluency Test: sum of animal names; Fragmented Letters and Position Discrimination: sum of correct responses; SDMT: sum of correct responses; TMT Parts A and B: time in seconds; Stoop C: time in seconds; and MMSE: sum of correct responses.
