| Authors | MS sample size | Control sample size | Cognitive impairment definition | Neuropsychological tests | Impaired cognitive domains | Impairment rate |
| Banwell and Anderson [6] | 10 | — | Each individual’s performance on each measure was scored relative to age norms. | Full-Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Organization Index, Freedom from Distractibility Index, Processing Speed Index, CELF, COWAT, CELF formulated sentences, TLC Ambiguous sentences, VMI, Rey-O Figure, Grooved Pegboard, Vigilance subtest, CMS, CAVLT, WJRTA, WRAT | Language, visuomotor integration, verbal and visual memory, information processing speed, working memory and executive functions, general cognition | |
| MacAllister et al. [7] | 37 | — | Scores > 1.5 SDs below the published normative means on least 2 cognitive tasks | TMT, COWAT, Boston Naming Test, CELF-3rd edition, two subtests of the WRAML: Verbal Learning and Visual Learning, VMI | Complex attention receptive language, naming, memory | 35% |
| Amato et al. [8] | 63 | 57 | Scoring less than the 5th percentile of healthy control performance on least 3 tests | WISC-R, SRT and SRT-D from the Rao’s BRB, SPART and SPART-D from the BRB, SDMT from the BRB, TMT A and B, Modified Card Sorting Test, Semantic and Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test, and Oral Denomination Test from the Aachener Aphasia Test | Complex attention, visual and verbal memory, executive functions, language function | 31% |
| Till et al. [9] | 35 | 33 | Three or more test scores 1.5 SDs below the normative values on the test battery | WASI, TMT-A and B, SDMT-Oral version, Visual Matching from the Woodcock–Johnson III (WJ-III) Test of Cognitive Abilities, Rapid Picture Naming from the WJ-III Test of Cognitive Abilities, Conner’s Continuous Performance Test—5th edition, WSR, WMI-5th edition, Verbal Fluency subtest from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System, Picture Vocabulary from WJ-III Tests of Academic Achievement, Vocabulary and Similarities subtests from the WASI, WCST | Attention, information processing speed, expressive language, visuomotor integration | 29.4% |
| Julian et al. [10] | 187 (MS) 44 (CIS) | — | ≥33% of test scores < 1 SD below normative data | WASI Full 2, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test II Pseudoword Decoding, Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Digit Span test, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Coding Test, Contingency Naming Test, Delis Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Test, California Verbal Learning Test-Child version or II, WMI-6th edition, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Matrix Reasoning, Grooved Pegboard Test | Fine motor speed, visuomotor integration, information processing speed | 35% (MS) 18% (CIS) |
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