The Effect of Dopaminergic Medication on Joint Kinematics during Haptic Movements in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

Range and magnitude of joint angles in each group.

Group	Control	PD-ON	PD-OFF
ShoAbd
Min	−12.64°	−37.57°	−37.70°
Max	77.52°	50.68°	71.57°
ROM	5.34 ± 4.12°^AB	4.40 ± 2.62°^A	6.60 ± 5.65°^B	0.005
ShoFlex
Min	16.85°	19.67°	−1.76°
Max	49.70°	76.41°	67.44°
ROM	3.81 ± 1.34°^A	4.36 ± 1.15°^B	4.02 ± 2.10°^AB	0.08
ElbFlex
Min	39.83°	27.39°	6.85°
Max	89.61°	88.36°	89.5°
ROM	16.20 ± 2.65°^A	15.26 ± 3.16°^A	12.43 ± 5.88°^B	<0.001

Note: the same letter indicates nonsignificant effect. A different letter indicates a significant difference. ElbFlex: elbow flexion; PD-OFF: Parkinson’s disease in the OFF state; PD-ON: Parkinson’s disease in the ON state; ROM: range of motion; ShoAbd: shoulder abduction; ShoFlex: shoulder flexion.