Cognitive Impairment in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Very Mild Clinical Disability
Table 2
Neuropsychological tests scores.
Test
RRMS ()
HC ()
Cohen’s d
CVLT TL
Mean (SD)
49.8 (9.6)
54.6 (9.3)
0.008
0.50
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
7.6%
% ± 5th percentile
5.4%
CVLT LTM
Mean (SD)
−0.40 (1.06)
0.32 (0.92)
<0.001
0.70
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
18.5%
% ± 5th percentile
9.8%
BVMT TL
Mean (SD)
45.6 (13.7)
47.9 (13.3)
0.372
0.17
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
27.2%
% ± 5th percentile
23.9%
BVMT LTM
Mean (SD)
49.9 (13.2)
54.9 (10.3)
0.035
0.43
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
16.3%
% ± 5th percentile
14.1%
PASAT 3″
Mean (SD)
38.7 (14.1)
41.9 (10.1)
0.187
0.25
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
22.8%
% ± 5th percentile
20.7%
PASAT 2″
Mean (SD)
26.3 (14.0)
32.4 (13.2)
0.019
0.45
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
23.9%
% ± 5th percentile
19.6%
SDMT
Mean (SD)
42.1 (11.2)
45.2 (6.4)
0.094
0.31
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
29.3%
% ± 5th percentile
19.6%
DKEFS CS
Mean (SD)
8.2 (2.2)
9.8 (3.3)
0.001
0.62
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
10.9%
% ± 5th percentile
10.9%
DKEFS DS
Mean (SD)
8.17 (2.6)
10.2 (3.3)
<0.001
0.73
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
13.0%
% ± 5th percentile
13.0%
JLO
Mean (SD)
23.5 (4.5)
23.6 (5.1)
0.822
0.04
% ± (mean-1.5 SD)
19.6%
% ± 5th percentile
17.4%
COWAT
Mean (SD)
29.2 (11.1)
39.1 (13.6)
<0.001
0.83
% ± (mean-1.5SD)
20.7%
% ± 5th percentile
17.4%
BDI
Mean (SD)
13.0 (9.7)
5.1 (5.1)
<0.001
0.92
STAI-Y state
Mean (SD)
0.40 (1.25)
−0.09 (0.77)
0.188
0.44
STAI-Y state
Mean (SD)
−0.09 (1.03)
−0.31 (0.56)
0.474
0.24
CVLT TL: California Verbal Learning Test total learning; CVLT LTM. CVLT long-term memory; BVMT TL: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test total learning; BVMT LTM: BVMT long-term memory; SDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test; PASAT 3″ and 2″: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; JLO: Judgment of Line Orientation; DKEFS CS: Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System sorting test correct sort; DKEFS DS: DKEFS description score; COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; STAI-Y: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y; RRMS: relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients; HC: healthy controls. All neuropsychological tests were converted into a standard score using normative data.
