Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Organ Injuries

Figure 1

Mechanisms of alcohol-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and organ injuries. ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH: acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; CYP2E1: cytochrome P450 2E1; ROS: reactive oxidative stress; GSH: glutathione; BHMT: betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase; MS: methionine synthase; Hcy, homocysteine; SAM: S-adenosylmethionine, SAH: S-adenosylhomocysteine; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; UPR: unfolded protein response; GRP78: glucose-regulated protein 78; IRE1: inositol requiring enzyme; ATF6:activating transcription factor 6; PERK: protein kinase ds RNA-dependent-like ER kinase; CHOP: C/EBP-homologous protein; JNK, c-jun-N-terminal kinase; NF𝜅B, nuclear factor 𝜅B; SREBP: sterol regulatory element binding protein; Xbp-1: X box binding protein 1; GADD34: growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein. See the context for details.