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Type of application | Description | References |
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Reporter gene expression | In living subjects, for studying the magnitude, time variation, and location of reporter gene expression, an improved PET reporter gene tk (HSV1-sr39 thymidine kinase), and rl (Renilla luciferase, a bioluminescence optical reporter gene) are used | [112] |
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Assessing cell signaling pathways | NanoLuc luminescence has been documented as a tool for detecting both the overall levels of native target proteins and phosphorylation in unaltered cells through immunodetection | [113] |
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Bioluminescence-induced photo-uncaging of small molecules | The NanoLuc-Halotag chimera protein (H-Luc) induces BRET to a coumarin substrate, activating the coumarin’s excited state. This activation, in turn, initiates hydrolysis, leading to the release of a caged target molecule | [114] |
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Bioluminescence-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) | Self-luminescent photodynamic therapy systems are used with potentials against viral infections | [115] |
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Bioluminescence imaging | In vivo glucose uptake evaluation |
To noninvasive and real-time longitudinal imaging of glucose absorption in in vivo and in vitro, a novel bioluminescent glucose uptake probe (BiGluc) has been used | [116] |
As a technique to measure water pressure |
Pyrocystis lunula has been used as a biological pressure sensor to measure the impulsive dynamic water pressure produced using weight-drop tests | [117] |
To study lung diseases |
The expression of Photinus luciferase has been used to evaluate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in rat models. By detecting the timing, distribution, and intensity, lung activities and inflammatory responses have been studied | [118] |
Cancer studies |
Mouse xenograft model with bioluminescent Karpas-299 lymphoma cells has been used observed specific inhibition of lymphoma cell growth, and TAE684 exhibited potently | [119] |
In the exploration of T-cell priming events within secondary lymphoid tissues, luciferase-positive murine T regulatory cells (tregs) have been employed in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant model | [120] |
To study infectious diseases |
Bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes has been used to study pregnancy-related fetal infections | [121] |
Expression of firefly luciferase has been used to study infection by gamma-herpesviruses | [122] |
Bioluminescent Neisseria meningitidis has been used to monitor bacterial sepsis (sepsis disease, a meningitis-like disease, and a mild disease) in CD46 transgenic mice in real time | [123] |
Bacterial luxCDABE operon has been used to investigate parasite stage conversion and spore germination during infections | [124] |
To study cardiovascular diseases |
To observe left anterior descending (LAD) artery ligation, murine embryonic stem (ES) cells with bioluminescence activity have been used | [125] |
To track surviving embryonic stem cells for up to 8 weeks, BLI is used | [121] |
To study central nervous system disorders |
Transgenic mice have been used, and bioluminescent output from the main OBs (olfactory bulbs) of period1-FLuc has been tested | [126] |
To identify protein-protein interaction modulators |
To quantify receptor ligand-binding events and their downstream signaling cascades, BRET and split luciferase assays are widely used | [127] |
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