Biotechnological Tools for Environmental Sustainability: Prospects and Challenges for Environments in Nigeria—A Standard Review

Table 3

Biomarkers and their applications

Biomarker type	Uses	Reference
Chlorophyll content Zea mays L.	Detection of level of hydrocarbon contamination of agricultural soil	[11]
Sensitivity of Nitrobacter sp.	Based on the effect of crude oil on oxidation of nitrite to nitrate	[41]
Azotobacter sp.	Used in evaluating the effect of oil spill in aquatic environment	[42]
Algae/plant steranes and bacteria hopanes	Steranes formed as components of crude oil and hopanes used to determine the source rock that generated a crude oil	[43]
Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in fish in vivo	Indicates exposure of fish to planar-halogenated hydrocarbons (PAHs) by receptor-mediated induction of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase exposed to PAHs and similar contaminants	[44, 45]