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Parental tumor type/exosome source | Exosome application/modification | Model | Results | References |
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Mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, mastocytoma, human melanoma | BMDC pulsed with exo were injected into mice with established tumor | Mouse | Exo transfer tumor antigen to DC, induce CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor effects on both syngeneic and allogeneic mouse tumors | [33] |
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Malignant effusions of melanoma patients | MDDCs-pulsed exo were used to stimulate lymphocytes | Human ex vivo | DCs pulsed with exo cross-present mart-1 antigen to and expand antigen-specific CTLs | [32] |
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Human malignant glioma | Human DCs were incubated with exo | Human ex vivo | DCs incubated with exo activate glioma-specific CTL which kills autologous glioma cells in vitro | [36] |
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Human CEA+ colon, lung carcinoma | Exo were isolated from heat-stressed tumor cells | Mouse, Human ex vivo | Exo immunization efficiently prime antigen-specific CTL with antitumor effects in mice; exo-pulsed autologous DCs from CEA+ cancer patients induce antigen-specific CTL response | [34] |
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Mouse B lymphoma | Parental cells were heat-shocked | Mouse | Exo induce DC maturation and stimulate both protective and therapeutic antitumor immune responses | [40] |
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Mouse colon carcinoma and melanoma | Parental cells were heat-treated | Mouse | Exo contain elevated levels of Hsp70, elicit Th1 response and therapeutically regress established autologous and allogeneic tumors | [41] |
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Mouse melanoma | Parental cells were engineered to express membrane-bound Hsp 70 | Mouse | Exo stimulate Th1 and CTL response more efficiently than exo derived from heat-shocked cells expressing cytoplasmic Hsp70 | [42] |
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Mouse lung carcinoma | Parental cells were heat-stressed | Mouse | Exo contain enriched chemokines, attract/activate DCs and T cells more potently and induce antitumor response | [43] |
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Human CEA+ tumor cells | Parental cells were transfected with AdhIL-18 | Human ex vivo | Exo/IL-18 chemoattract DCs and T cells and enhance Th1 cytokine release. Exo/IL18-pulsed DCs induced potent CTL response | [37] |
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Mouse OVA+ thymoma | Parental cells were transfected with AdmIL-12 | Mouse | Vaccination of exo/IL-2 induces antigen-specific Th1 and CTL responses and inhibits tumor growth | [39] |
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Human renal cancer | Parental cells were modified to express GPI-IL-12 | In vitro | Exo/IL-12 promote IFN-γ release and the induction of antigen-specific CTLs | [38] |
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Mouse lymphoma | Exo were surfaced anchored with the superantigen SEA by protein transfer | Mouse | Immunization with exo/SEA-TM efficiently inhibits tumor growth and induces tumor-specific CTLs | [44] |
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Mouse fibrosarcoma | OVA antigen was targeted to exo membrane by transfecting parental cells with OVA coupled to lactadherin C1C2 domain | Mouse | Tumors secreting exo-bound OVA elicit a stronger anti-OVA response and grow slowly in vivo | [45] |
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Human ovarian cancer ascites | Exo were purified from malignant ascites and quality assessed | Preceding of a clinical trial | A method for the preparation of GMP-grade exosomes used in combination of mature DCs for a clinical trial is described | [46] |
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Ascites from colorectal cancer patients | Exo were purified and used to immunize patients either alone or with GM-CSF | Phase I clinical trial | Exo therapy is well-tolerated; exo plus GM-CSF induce beneficial tumor-specific CTL responses in patients with colorectal cancer | [47] |
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