Review Article
Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Outcome of Lupus and of Lupus Nephritis
Table 1
Nonrenal manifestations of SLE more prominent in males by cohort.
| Cohort | Laboratory abnormalities found increased in males | Clinical manifestations increased in males | Clinical manifestations decreased in males |
| LUMINA [4] | Lupus anticoagulant | Organ damage accrual | Musculoskeletal (MSK) disease |
|
Hopkins [16] | Lymphopenia | Neuropsychiatric | Malar rash | anti-Sm | Renal | Photosensitivity | direct Coombs | Cardiovascular disease | Oral ulcers | Lupus anti-coagulant | Peripheral vascular disease | Alopecia | low C3 | | Raynaud’s phenomenon | anti-dsDNA | | Arthralgia |
|
Mok [1] | Thrombocytopenia | Discoid lesions | MSK disease | | Cardiovascular damage | Alopecia | | | Raynaud’s disease |
|
GLADEL [12] | Leukopenia | Constitutional symptoms | Arthralgia | Lymphopenia | Neurologic manifestations | MSK disease | Hemolytic anemia | at onset | Skin disease | Thrombocytopenia | Cardiovascular disease | | IgG ACL Ab | Arterial HTN | | Low C3 | | |
|
Molina [8] | dsDNA ab | Arthritis | Raynaud’s disease | | Vascular thrombosis | | | CNS manifestations | | | Cardiopulmonary disease | |
|
Stefanidou [13] | Thrombocytopenia | Stroke | Alopecia | | APLS | Arthralgia | | GI symptoms | Photosensitivity | | Vascular thrombosis | Raynaud’s disease |
|
|