Table 1: Descriptive statistics of all variables.

Cognition (t1) Cognition (t1) Description and range (min-max) Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE t-test Cognition (t1)  Magic window (0–15) 7.43 (3.39)  Face recognition (0–15) 7.20 (2.95)  Gestalt closure (0–20) 5.43 (3.04) Cognition (t2)  Magic window (0–15) 10.63 (2.59) 9.59 (2.83) 11.57 (1.92) *  Face recognition (0–15) 10.44 (2.58) 10.04 (2.82) 10.80 (2.28) *  Gestalt closure (0–23) 10.27 (3.61) 8.73 (3.54) 11.65 (3.07) * Home environment (t1)  Story telling (1–7) 5.21 (2.07) 4.79 (2.20) 5.59 (1.86) *  Reading aloud (1–7) 5.55 (1.99) 4.92 (2.21) 6.11 (1.57) *  Playing cards (1–7) 4.92 (1.87) 4.68 (2.05) 5.14 (1.66) * Years of parental education (0–13) 10.03 (2.54) 9.30 (2.70) 10.70 (2.19) * Ratio of Turkish (0-1) 0.49 0.64 0.36 * Age (t1) (34–51) 42.13 (3.79) 40.79 (3.71) 43.33 (3.44) * Age (t2) (45–64) 54.76 (4.03) 53.40 (4.02) 55.98 (3.64) * Preschool attendance (t2) (0–62) 17.97 (7.40) 16.45 (6.98) 19.33 (7.51) * Time span (t2-t1) (9–17) 12.63 (1.39) 12.61 (1.34) 12.65 (1.43) N 1009 477 532

Note. Own calculations with data of the project “Preschool Education and Educational Careers among Migrant Children”. Cognition (t1) is a subsample of all children who have below the mean Cognition (t1). Cognition (t1) contains all children scores above the mean. The results of a two-group mean comparison test. *Significant .