Primary School Age Students' Spontaneous Comments about Math Reveal Emerging Dispositions Linked to Later Mathematics Achievement

Table 4

Specificity scores: coding criteria and real examples of reading definitions.

Score	Definitions	Examples
1	No response, a circular response, or a response unrelated to reading or otherwise uninformative.	“Reading means you read a lot.”; “I do not know that one.”
2	Response related to unspecific reading activities, or indirectly related to reading activities. Includes reference to activities that may be performed in relation to reading or for a reading class but without a clear reference to the concept of reading.	“It means that you do reading projects.”; “It is if you have a book report you can report.”
3	Unelaborated basic principles or mechanics of reading. Includes reference to sounding out and/or to reading materials or to learning to read.	“To like sound out something.”; “You read a book, you read a piece of paper.”; “When you like read words and books and sound out letters.”; “Something you do to get smarter at knowing words and learning what the words mean and how to pronounce the words and how to say them. That is why you have teachers to help you pronounce, read, and spell the words.”
4	Elaborated concepts of reading. Includes reference to the extraction of meaning from written material through the act of reading.	“Like if you have a book, it has words, and you read the words not to just look and say, but to know what the words say and what the story is about.”
5	Concept of reading as a useful tool. Must demonstrate usage of reading or usage of meaning derived from reading.	“To like look at books and some books help you make things and repair your house and some people just read for fun.”