Comparative and Functional Genomics
Volume 5 (2004), Issue 1, Pages 17-38
doi:10.1002/cfg.349
Primary research paper
A Survey of Nucleotide Cyclases in Actinobacteria: Unique Domain Organization and Expansion of the Class III Cyclase
Family in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
2Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
Received 7 August 2003; Revised 13 October 2003; Accepted 21 October 2003
Copyright © 2004 Avinash R. Shenoy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides are well-known second messengers involved in the regulation of
important metabolic pathways or virulence factors. There are six different classes
of nucleotide cyclases that can accomplish the task of generating cAMP, and four
of these are restricted to the prokaryotes. The role of cAMP has been implicated in
the virulence and regulation of secondary metabolites in the phylum Actinobacteria, which contains
important pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae, M. bovis
and Corynebacterium, and industrial organisms from the genus Streptomyces.
We have analysed the actinobacterial genome sequences found in current databases
for the presence of different classes of nucleotide cyclases, and find that only class
III cyclases are present in these organisms. Importantly, prominent members such as
M. tuberculosis and M. leprae have 17 and 4 class III cyclases, respectively, encoded
in their genomes, some of which display interesting domain fusions seen for the
first time. In addition, a pseudogene corresponding to a cyclase from M. avium has
been identified as the only cyclase pseudogene in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. The
Corynebacterium and Streptomyces genomes encode only a single adenylyl cyclase
each, both of which have corresponding orthologues in M. tuberculosis. A clustering
of the cyclase domains in Actinobacteria reveals the presence of typical eukaryote-like,
fungi-like and other bacteria-like class III cyclase sequences within this phylum,
suggesting that these proteins may have significant roles to play in this important
group of organisms.