Living Alone, Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons in Singapore

Table 2

Cross-sectional analysis: associations of living arrangement and loneliness with baseline GDS and SF-12_MCS scores.

Source of variation	Depressive symptoms scores (𝑁=2799)					SF-12_MCS scores (𝑁=2769)
	df	Mean square	F	𝑃	𝑅^2	df	Mean square	F	𝑃	𝑅^2
Base model:
Age	1	63.19	9.06	0.003		1	364.17	5.63	0.02
Gender (0 = male, 1 = female)	1	3.50	0.50	0.48		1	20.46	0.32	0.54
Race	1	5.71	0.82	0.37		1	58.43	0.90	0.34
Education	1	0.15	0.02	0.88		1	7.16	0.11	0.74
Marital status	1	13.50	1.94	0.16		1	79.10	1.22	0.27
Number of medical problems	1	202.57	29.06	<0.001		1	861.44	13.32	<0.001
Baseline ADL	1	24.06	3.45	0.06		1	156.18	2.42	0.12
Baseline MMSE	1	191.21	27.43	<0.001		1	317.57	4.91	0.03
Social contact frequency score	1	175.08	25.11	<0.001		1	514.34	7.95	0.005
Social activities score	1	31.12	4.46	0.04		1	86.30	1.33	0.25
Production activities score	1	92.58	13.28	<0.001		1	847.28	13.10	<0.001
Fitness activities score	1	1.45	0.21	0.65		1	198.54	3.07	0.08
Health activities score	1	313.76	45.00	<0.001	0.081	1	1721.80	26.62	<0.001	0.034
Model 1a: plus living alone versus with others (1,0) only	1	51.85	7.45	0.006	0.083	1	79.03	1.22	0.27	0.034
Model 1b: plus Lonely versus not lonely (1,0) only	1	2414.76	486.86	<0.001	0.231	1	9170.17	165.16	<0.001	0.095
Model 2: plus living alone and loneliness (main effects)
Living alone versus with others (1,0)	1	2.25	0.45	0.50		1	345.37	6.23	0.01
Lonely versus not lonely (1,0)	1	2349.77	473.56	<0.001	0.231	1	9294.44	167.59	<0.001	0.096
Model 3: Main effects and interaction
Living alone versus with others (1,0)	1	19.55	3.95	0.047		1	388.59	7.01	0.01
Lonely versus not lonely (1,0)	1	1445.06	292.07	<0.001		1	3753.97	67.69	<0.001
Living arrangements*Loneliness	1	40.85	8.26	0.004	0.232	1	51.08	0.92	0.34	0.096