Research Article
Living Alone, Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons in Singapore
Table 3
Longitudinal analysis: living arrangement and loneliness on psychological well-being at followup.
| Source of variation | Depressive symptoms scores at followup () | SF-12_MCS scores at followup () |
| | df | Mean square | F | | | df | Mean square | F | | |
| Base model: | | | | | | | | | | | āAge | 1 | 25.85 | 9.34 | 0.02 | | 1 | 388.21 | 11.02 | 0.001 | | āGender (0 = male, 1 = female) | 1 | 13.46 | 4.86 | 0.03 | | 1 | 9.74 | 0.28 | 0.60 | | āRace | 1 | 0.44 | 0.16 | 0.69 | | 1 | 1.25 | 0.04 | 0.85 | | āEducation | 1 | 2.38 | 0.86 | 0.35 | | 1 | 1.41 | 0.04 | 0.84 | | āMarital status | 1 | 4.40 | 1.59 | 0.21 | | 1 | 9.08 | 0.26 | 0.61 | | āNumber of medical problems | 1 | 35.39 | 12.78 | <0.001 | | 1 | 702.45 | 19.95 | <0.001 | | āBaseline GDS | 1 | 788.88 | 284.87 | <0.001 | | | | | | | āBaseline ADL | 1 | 39.76 | 14.36 | <0.001 | | 1 | 340.17 | 99.66 | 0.002 | | āBaseline MMSE | 1 | 0.89 | 0.32 | 0.57 | | 1 | 107.09 | 3.04 | 0.08 | | āSocial contact frequency score | 1 | 8.40 | 3.03 | 0.08 | | 1 | 121.46 | 3.45 | 0.06 | | āSocial activities score | 1 | 21.10 | 7.62 | 0.01 | | 1 | 447.60 | 12.71 | <0.001 | | āProduction activities score | 1 | 35.32 | 12.75 | <0.001 | | 1 | 156.46 | 4.44 | 0.04 | | āFitness activities score | 1 | 4.70 | 1.70 | 0.19 | | 1 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.97 | | āHealth activities score | 1 | 8.74 | 3.16 | 0.08 | 0.220 | 1 | 169.03 | 4.80 | 0.03 | | āBaseline SF-12_MCS well-being | ā | ā | ā | ā | ā | 1 | 4179.08 | 118.67 | <0.001 | 0.140 | Model 1a: plus living alone versus with others (1,0) only | 1 | 5.30 | 1.91 | 0.17 | 0.220 | 1 | 130.54 | 3.71 | 0.05 | 0.143 | Model 1b: plus Lonely versus not lonely (1,0) only | 1 | 37.67 | 14.93 | <0.001 | 0.223 | 1 | 578.94 | 17.14 | <0.001 | 0.145 | Model 2: plus living alone and loneliness (main effects) | | | | | | | | | | | āLiving alone versus with others (1,0) | 1 | 4.63 | 1.84 | 0.18 | | 1 | 65.10 | 1.93 | 0.17 | | āLonely versus not lonely (1,0) | 1 | 35.07 | 13.91 | <0.001 | 0.221 | 1 | 526.48 | 15.58 | <0.001 | 0.146 | Model 3: Main effects and interaction | | | | | | | | | | | āLiving alone versus with others (1,0) | 1 | 8.56 | 3.40 | 0.07 | | 1 | 152.81 | 4.53 | 0.03 | | āLonely versus not lonely (1,0) | 1 | 32.57 | 12.92 | <0.001 | | 1 | 560.42 | 16.61 | <0.001 | | āLiving arrangements*Loneliness | 1 | 4.39 | 1.74 | 0.19 | 0.242 | 1 | 110.65 | 3.28 | 0.07 | 0.158 |
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