Research Article
Living Alone, Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons in Singapore
Table 4
Logistic regression predicting depression at baseline and followup.
| Source of variation | Depression at baseline () | Depression at followup () | B | S.E | Odds ratio | | B | S.E | Odds ratio | |
| Base model: | | | | | | | | | Age | 0.03 | 0.01 | 1.03 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.03 | 0.25 | Gender (0 = male, 1 = female) | −0.14 | 0.17 | 0.87 | 0.44 | −0.33 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 0.35 | Race | | | | | | | | | Chinese | 0.50 | 0.81 | 1.64 | 0.54 | −0.58 | 1.13 | 0.56 | 0.61 | Malay | −0.51 | 0.92 | 0.60 | 0.58 | −0.32 | 1.28 | 0.73 | 0.81 | Indian | 0.39 | 0.92 | 1.48 | 0.67 | −0.85 | 1.43 | 0.43 | 0.55 | Education | −0.10 | 0.08 | 0.90 | 0.22 | −0.02 | 0.17 | 0.98 | 0.90 | Marital status | | | | | | | | | Single | 0.45 | 0.33 | 1.57 | 0.17 | 0.86 | 0.61 | 2.35 | 0.16 | Married | 0.26 | 0.21 | 1.29 | 0.24 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 1.57 | 0.26 | Divorced, separated | 0.46 | 0.39 | 1.58 | 0.28 | 0.64 | 0.74 | 1.89 | 0.39 | Number of medical problems | 0.17 | 0.05 | 1.18 | 0.001 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 1.18 | 0.06 | Baseline ADL | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.08 | −0.14 | 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.01 | Baseline MMSE | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.92 | <0.001 | −0.002 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.96 | Social contact frequency score | 0.17 | 0.09 | 1.18 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.18 | 1.11 | 0.57 | Social activities score | −0.04 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.25 | −0.11 | 0.08 | 0.89 | 0.16 | Production activities score | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.93 | 0.08 | −0.07 | 0.09 | 0.97 | 0.40 | Fitness activities score | 0.07 | 0.04 | 1.07 | 0.12 | −0.04 | 0.09 | 0.79 | 0.70 | Health activities score | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.008 | −0.24 | 0.08 | 0.93 | 0.004 | Baseline GDS | — | — | — | — | 0.29 | 0.04 | 1.33 | <0.001 | Living alone versus with others (1,0) | 0.21 | 0.34 | 1.23 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.71 | 1.11 | 0.10 | Lonely versus not lonely (1,0) | 0.44 | 0.16 | 1.55 | 0.001 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 1.39 | 0.03 | Living arrangements*Loneliness | 0.31 | 0.52 | 1.36 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.33 | 1.17 | 0.4 |
|
|