The Prediction of ADL and IADL Disability Using Six Physical Indicators of Frailty: A Longitudinal Study in the Netherlands

Table 3

Effect of previous disability, background characteristics, and physical indicators of frailty on disability, ADL disability, and IADL disability: results of bivariate and sequential linear regression analysis.

	Disability						ADL						IADL
	Bivariate			Multiple			Bivariate			Multiple			Bivariate			Multiple
	𝐵	se	𝑃	𝐵	se	𝑃	𝐵	se	𝑃	𝐵	se	𝑃	𝐵	se	𝑃	𝐵	se	𝑃
Block 1
Previous disability	0.952	0.039	<0.001	0.598	0.068	<0.001	0.929	0.037	<0.001	0.593	0.064	<0.001	0.856	0.048	<0.001	0.525	0.073	<0.001
𝑅^2				0.651		<0.001				0.654		<0.001				0.492		<0.001
Block 2
Sex (women)	2.503	1.249	0.046	0.100	0.837	0.906	1.889	0.638	0.003	0.112	0.418	0.790	0.575	0.698	0.411	−0.139	0.594	0.816
Age	0.410	0.173	0.019	0.013	0.104	0.904	0.178	0.089	0.048	−0.028	0.052	0.595	0.223	0.096	0.021	0.033	0.073	0.651
Marital status (cohabit)	−1.580	1.258	0.210	1.042	0.813	0.201	−1.317	0.645	0.042	0.358	0.412	0.386	−0.218	0.701	0.756	0.712	0.572	0.215
Education	−0.562	0.263	0.034	−0.084	0.163	0.605	−0.280	0.136	0.041	−0.003	0.082	0.970	−0.274	0.146	0.063	−0.083	0.115	0.467
Income	−1.138	0.415	0.007	−0.250	0.269	0.353	−0.575	0.215	0.008	−0.080	0.136	0.557	−0.563	0.231	0.016	−0.167	0.188	0.377
Self-perceived lifestyle	3.495	1.149	0.003	−0.016	0.698	0.982	1.121	0.602	0.063	−0.563	0.351	0.111	2.371	0.630	<0.001	0.583	0.491	0.237
Chronic diseases	3.053	0.563	<0.001	0.397	0.376	0.293	1.459	0.293	<0.001	0.143	0.190	0.453	1.581	0.315	<0.001	0.281	0.263	0.287
Δ𝑅^2				0.021		0.100				0.014		0.337				0.044		0.014
Block 3
Body Mass Index	0.662	0.150	<0.001	0.004	0.107	0.974	0.349	0.077	<0.001	0.014	0.054	0.803	0.312	0.084	<0.001	0.001	0.074	0.984
Gait speed	0.972	0.064	<0.001	0.395	0.068	<0.001	0.511	0.031	<0.001	0.232	0.035	<0.001	0.458	0.042	<0.001	0.177	0.045	<0.001
Physical activity	−0.040	0.007	<0.001	−0.005	0.005	0.264	−0.016	0.003	<0.001	−0.001	0.002	0.640	−0.024	0.004	<0.001	−0.004	0.003	0.175
Hand grip strength	−0.228	0.029	<0.001	−0.025	0.023	0.272	−0.125	0.015	<0.001	−0.020	0.011	0.083	−0.102	0.017	<0.001	−0.007	0.016	0.666
Fatigue	1.799	0.210	<0.001	0.357	0.173	0.040	0.855	0.111	<0.001	0.144	0.086	0.094	0.947	0.118	<0.001	0.249	0.119	0.038
Balance	8.456	1.171	<0.001	0.789	0.794	0.322	4.201	0.611	<0.001	0.728	0.393	0.066	4.273	0.662	<0.001	0.191	0.556	0.731
Δ𝑅^2				0.066		<0.001				0.084		<0.001				0.058		<0.001
𝑅^2 total				0.738		<0.001				0.752		<0.001				0.594		<0.001

Notes: 𝐵, se, and 𝑃 are unstandardized regression coefficient, its standard error, and the two-tailed 𝑃 value of the 𝑡-test of 𝐵. 𝑅² is the proportion of explained variance of the regression model; Δ𝑅² is the change in 𝑅² after adding the predictors of one block to the model.