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| Subcategories | Themes |
|
| Clients’ perceptions of the physical environment |
|
| Appropriate physical features | Old style setting (Center A) |
| Cleanliness (Center A) |
|
| Inappropriate physical feature | Small, hospital-like space (Center B) |
|
| Staff’s perceptions of the physical environment |
|
| Appropriate physical features | Old style setting matches the clients’ life experiences (Center A) |
| Open-space layout (Center A) |
|
| Inappropriate physical feature | Open-space layout (Center A) |
| Limited seating in the living room (Center A) |
| Hospital-like environment (Center B) |
| Small space with confusing floor patterns (Center B) |
|
| Clients’ perceptions of the social environment |
|
| Appropriate social features | Being treated with respect (Center A) |
| Being treated like family (Center A) |
| Having someone to watch over me (Center B) |
|
| Inappropriate social features | Collectivist orientation neglects individual choice (Center A) (Center B) |
| Being at the center is like being at school (Center A) |
|
| Staff’s perceptions of the social environment |
|
| Appropriate social features | A sense of collective life (Center A) (Center B) |
| Emotional suppression when working with elders (Center A) |
|
| Inappropriate social features | Confining clients in wheelchairs (Center B) |
| Labelling the clients (Center A) (Center B) |
|
