Research Article
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Injurious Falls among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Indonesia
| | Characteristic | Sample | No Falls | Single fall | Multiple falls | P-Value | | | % | % | % | % | |
| | All | 6698 | 5897 (87.2) | 502 (7.6) | 299 (5.2) | | | Sex | | | | | | | Male | 3145 (48.1) | 2786 (88.5) | 233 (7.3) | 126 (4.3) | <0.001 | | Female | 3553 (51.9) | 3111 (86.0) | 269 (7.9) | 173 (6.1) | | | Age in years | | | | | | | 50-59 | 3772 (52.6) | 3325 (88.2) | 289 (7.6) | 158 (4.2) | <0.001 | | 60-69 | 1964 (27.9) | 1725 (87.4) | 143 (7.5) | 96 (5.1) | | | 70-79 | 820 (14.0) | 721 (85.3) | 62 (7.6) | 37 (7.2) | | | 80+ | 142 (5.5) | 126 (81.1) | 8 (8.2) | 8 (10.7) | | | Education (High school +) | 2087 (27.8) | 1811 (86.4) | 194 (9.3) | 82 (4.3) | <0.001 | | Economic background | | | | | | | Poor | 2070 (31.0) | 1808 (87.4) | 153 (7.6) | 109 (5.0) | 0.347 | | Medium | 2842 (42.4) | 2511 (88.4) | 215 (7.5) | 116 (4.1) | | | Rich | 1786 (26.7) | 1578 (88.6) | 134 (7.0) | 74 (4.3) | | | Residence (Urban) | 3738 (52.1) | 3260 (86.2) | 316 (8.9) | 162 (4.9) | <0.001 | | Body mass index (obese) | 526 (7.4) | 443 (84.1) | 52 (9.2) | 31 (6.7) | 0.003 | | Tobacco use status | | | | | | | Never | 3895 (56.9) | 3430 (87.0) | 289 (7.5) | 176 (5.5) | <0.001 | | Former | 634 (9.8) | 546 (84.3) | 54 (8.9) | 34 (6.8) | | | Current | 2169 (33.3) | 1921 (88.3) | 159 (7.3) | 89 (4.3) | | | Physical activity | | | | | | | Low | 3079 (44.3) | 2713 (88.5) | 234 (7.3) | 132 (4.2) | 0.663 | | Moderate | 1880 (27.7) | 1656 (88.0) | 139 (7.6) | 85 (4.4) | | | High | 1739 (28.1) | 1528 (87.7) | 129 (7.4) | 82 (4.9) | | | Nutritional risk (yes) | 1259 (18.0) | 1100 (87.0) | 86 (6.9) | 73 (6.1) | <0.001 | | Chronic conditions | | | | | | | None | 3451 (51.6) | 3132 (90.3) | 212 (6.3) | 107 (3.4) | <0.001 | | One | 1834 (27.4) | 1620 (87.2) | 143 (8.4) | 71 (4.4) | | | Two or more | 1413 (21.0) | 1145 (79.6) | 147 (9.8) | 121 (10.6) | | | Urinary problems | 3775 (56.2) | 3262 (85.3) | 297 (8.0) | 216 (6.8) | <0.001 | | Vision problem | 75 (1.3) | 65 (86.2) | 6 (7.5) | 4 (6.3) | 0.828 | | Cataract | 451 (6.6) | 367 (79.9) | 46 (11.3) | 38 (8.8) | <0.001 | | Hearing problem | 218 (3.4) | 182 (81.5) | 16 (8.8) | 20 (9.7) | <0.001 | | Functional disability | | | | | | | ADL & IADL=0 | 4955 (75.1) | 4423 (89.1) | 344 (7.0) | 188 (3.9) | <0.001 | | ADL & IADL=1 | 1315 (19.5) | 1125 (86.2) | 119 (8.6) | 71 (5.2) | | | ADL & IADL=2 or more | 428 (5.5) | 349 (81.5) | 39 (8.7) | 40 (9.8) | | | Depression symptoms | 1166 (17.0) | 966 82.9 | 109 9.2 | 91 7.8 | <0.001 | | Sleep disturbance (3-5) | 1050 (14.7) | 864 (82.6) | 101 (9.4) | 85 (8.0) | <0.001 | | Sleep impairment (3-5) | 974 (14.1) | 839 (85.5) | 70 (7.1) | 65 (7.4) | <0.001 | | Balance (no/<10s) | 79 (1.7) | 69 (85.0) | 6 (7.0) | 4 (8.0) | 0.082 | | Cognitive function (low) | 1794 (29.3) | 1558 (88.0) | 129 (6.5) | 107 (5.5) | <0.001 | | Grip strength (weak) | 4027 (61.5) | 3546 (87.9) | 290 (7.5) | 190 (5.0) | <0.015 |
|
|
