Table 1: Lp(a) subunits responsible for cellular effects.

Process LDL-apoB-100 Apo(a) Region References Thrombosis          (i) Platelet aggregation   [11–17]  (ii) tissue factor pathway —   [19–21]  (iii) plasminogen activation — KIV type 10, KV [8, 20, 23–28]  (iv) TGF activation × KIV type 9 [34–37]  (v) TGF production — KIV type 10, KV [37] Inflammation          (i) Oxidised phospholipids × KV [44–46]  (ii) monocyte migration   [19, 51, 53]  (iii) monocyte adhesion × KIV type 10 [19] Vascular remodelling          (i) SMC proliferation KIV type 9 [35, 36, 58, 62]  (ii) SMC migration — KIV type 9 [36]  (iii) EC proliferation KIV type 10, KV [37, 64, 65]  (iv) EC migration KIV type 10, KV [37, 65]  (v) EC contraction — KIV type 10 [70]

For detailed information, see main body of text and highlighted references. Key: = positive for effect, × = negative for effect, — = not tested.