Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein and Paraoxonase: A Couple for Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis

Table 1

There are several transcription factors and pathways that regulate PON1 expression.

Some important PON1 regulator factors	Modulator signal
High glucose level	Protein kinase C (PKC)	↑
High insulin level	Protein kinase C (PKC); Zeta (PKC ζ)	↑
Statins	p44/p42 MAP	↑
Fibrates	SREBP-2, PPARα	↑
Rosiglitazone	PPARγ	↑
Aspirin (salicylate)	AhR	↑
Dietary polyphenols	AhR	↑
Quercetin	SREPB-2	↑
Pomegranate	PKA, PPAR-γ	↑
β-Carotene	p-AMPK	↑
Cholesterol lowering alkaloid; (benzyl tetrahydroquinoline)	JNK	↑
Eplerenone	Aldosterone	↑
Bile acids	FXR, FGFR4	↓
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)	PPARγ	↓
LPS and inflammatory cytokines	PPARδ	↓
Testosterone	?	↑
Estrogen and methoxyprogesterone acetate
Erythropoietin beta
Ethanol
Light drinkers		↑
Heavy drinkers		↓