Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein and Paraoxonase: A Couple for Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis

Table 2

Major activators and inactivators of PON1.

Major PON1 inactivators	Reversal effect by
Smoking	Free thiols (GSH, L-cysteine, etc.)
Oxidative stress	Antioxidants (vitamin E, Carotenoids, Flavonoids)
High cholesterol	Statins
High triglycerides	Fibrates
High glucose	Insulin
High fructose	Insulin
Atropine
Ampicillin
Ciprofloxacin
Clindamycin sulfate
Oral contraceptives
Copper, zinc, mercury
Manganese, cobalt, cadmium