| | Traditional biomarkers | CA 19-9, CEA |
| | Proteomics | CEMIP, C4BPA, IGFBP2, IGFBP3 |
| | Metabolites | M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK), palmitic acid, glucitol, xylitol, inositol, histidine, proline, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, isocitrate, ceramide |
| | Antibodies | immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) |
| | Cytokines | interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor (macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 [MIC-1]) |
| | Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) | microRNAs (miRNAs), small ncRNAs (sncRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) |
| | Liquid biopsy | circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulation tumor DNA (ctDNA) and exosomes |
| | Body fluids | detecting biomarkers from saliva, urine, stool or pancreatic juice |
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