Chronic Liver Disease in Ethiopia with a Particular Focus on the Etiological Spectrums: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Table 4

Estimated proportion of chronic liver disease etiologies and heterogeneity of the estimates in Ethiopia, 2021.

Etiologies of CLD	No. of studies	Sample size	Frequency	Pooled estimate [95% CI]	Q	I^2	-value
Infectious etiology
Hepatitis B virus	11	2245	955	40.0 [29.0,51.0]	270.9	96.3	<0.001
Hepatitis C virus	11	2107	346	15.0 [9.0, 21.0]	240.4	95.8	<0.001
Schistosomiasis	3	127	50	4.0 [1.0, 6.0]	2.02	1.1	0.36
HIV	2	267	14	5.0 [−2.0, 13]	6.38	84.3	0.01
Co-HBV and HCV	4	570	8	1.0 [0.0, 2.0]	3.7	18.9	0.30
Noninfectious etiology
Alcohol	7	1412	214	17.0 [9.0, 25.0]	184.6	96.7	<0.001
NAFLD	2	931	167	12.0 [4.0, 28.0]	51.6	98.0	<0.001
Wilson’s disease	2	143	2	1.0 [−1.0, 3.0]	0.6	0.00	0.44
AIH	2	269	3	1.0 [−0.0, 2.0]	0.1	0.00	0.75
Unidentified	5	506	214	45.0 [34.0, 56.0]	32.08	87.53	<0.001

CLD: chronic liver disease, HBV: hepatitis B virus, HDV: hepatitis D virus, NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, AIH: autoimmune hepatitis, I²: heterogeneity, Q: Cochran’s Q.