Hepatitis C Attributable Healthcare Costs and Mortality among Immigrants: A Population-Based Matched Cohort Study
Table 1
Characteristics of the study cohort.
Prematched
Matched
Unmatched
Exposed N = 6,914
Unexposed N = 120,693
SMD
Exposed N = 5,575
Unexposed N = 5,575
SMD
Exposed N = 1,339
Index year, mean (sd)
2009 (4.0)
2013 (4.0)
0.74
2010 (4.0)
2010 (4.0)
0.00
2009 (4.5)
Age at diagnosis, years, mean (sd)
48.1 (16.1)
39.1 (17.7)
0.50
46.6 (14.8)
46.6 (14.8)
0.00
54.2 (19.6)
Birth year, n (%)
<1945
1,141 (16.5)
7,799 (6.5)
0.32
663 (11.9)
663 (11.9)
0.00
478 (35.7)
1945–1965
2,895 (41.9)
29,993 (24.9)
0.37
2,474 (44.4)
2,474 (44.4)
0.00
421 (31.4)
>1965
2,878 (41.6)
82,901 (68.7)
0.57
2,438 (43.7)
2,438 (43.7)
0.00
440 (32.9)
Male sex, n (%)
3,648 (52.8)
58,413 (48.4)
0.09
2,891 (51.9)
2,891 (51.9)
0.00
757 (56.5)
Landing year, mean (sd)
2001 (8.0)
2003 (8.0)
0.26
2002 (8.0)
1999 (8.0)
0.38
1997 (7.5)
Years of education, mean (sd)
10.5 (5.5)
10.3 (6.3)
0.03
10.98 (5.3)
11.1 (5.1)
0.03
8.3 (5.9)
Rural, n (%)
64 (0.9)
1,333 (1.1)
0.02
54 (1.0)
46 (0.8)
0.02
10 (0.7)
Neighborhood income quintile, n (%)
1st quintile (lowest)
2,490 (36.0)
36,752 (30.5)
0.12
1,909 (34.2)
1,946 (34.9)
0.01
581 (43.4)
2nd quintile
1,507 (21.8)
27,210 (22.5)
0.02
1,252 (22.5)
1,271 (22.8)
0.01
255 (19.0)
3rd quintile
1,286 (18.6)
23,042 (19.1)
0.01
1,071 (19.2)
1,074 (19.3)
0.00
215 (16.1)
4th quintile
1,054 (15.2)
19,581 (16.2)
0.03
880 (15.8)
797 (14.3)
0.04
174 (13.0)
5th quintile
577 (8.3)
14,108 (11.7)
0.11
463 (8.3)
487 (8.7)
0.02
114 (8.5)
Residential instability quintile, n (%)
1st quintile (lowest)
1,817 (26.3)
32,216 (26.7)
0.01
1,528 (27.4)
1,522 (27.3)
0.00
289 (21.6)
2nd quintile
893 (12.9)
17,254 (14.3)
0.00
724 (13.0)
752 (13.5)
0.01
169 (12.6)
3rd quintile
790 (11.4)
14,934 (12.4)
0.03
659 (11.8)
645 (11.6)
0.01
131 (9.8)
4th quintile
1,128 (16.3)
19,091 (15.8)
0.01
882 (15.8)
956 (17.1)
0.04
246 (18.4)
5th quintile
2,286 (33.1)
37,198 (30.8)
0.05
1,782 (32.0)
1,700 (30.5)
0.03
504 (37.6)
Material deprivation quintile, n (%)
1st quintile (lowest)
767 (11.1)
17,130 (14.2)
0.09
624 (11.2)
661 (11.9)
0.02
143 (10.7)
2nd quintile
888 (12.8)
18,514 (15.3)
0.07
745 (13.4)
685 (12.3)
0.03
143 (10.7)
3rd quintile
1,202 (17.4)
21,319 (17.7)
0.01
982 (17.6)
988 (17.7)
0.00
220 (16.4)
4th quintile
1,548 (22.4)
27,284 (22.6)
0.01
1,296 (23.2)
1,232 (22.1)
0.03
252 (18.8)
5th quintile
2,509 (36.3)
36,386 (30.1)
0.13
1,928 (34.6)
2,009 (36.0)
0.03
581 (43.4)
Ethnic concentration quintile, n (%)
1st quintile (lowest)
145 (2.1)
2,759 (2.3)
0.01
103 (1.8)
113 (2.0)
0.01
42 (3.1)
2nd quintile
248 (3.6)
4,522 (3.7)
0.01
192 (3.4)
152 (2.7)
0.04
56 (4.2)
3rd quintile
491 (7.1)
9,443 (7.8)
0.03
372 (6.7)
371 (6.7)
0.00
119 (8.9)
4th quintile
1,366 (19.8)
24,479 (20.3)
0.01
1,082 (19.4)
981 (17.6)
0.05
284 (21.2)
5th quintile
4,664 (67.5)
79,490 (65.9)
0.03
3,826 (68.6)
3,958 (71.0)
0.05
838 (62.6)
Dependency quintile, n (%)
1st quintile (lowest)
2,660 (38.5)
46,363 (38.4)
0.00
2,202 (39.5)
2,080 (37.3)
0.05
458 (34.2)
2nd quintile
1,695 (24.5)
28,288 (23.4)
0.03
1,384 (24.8)
1,322 (23.9)
0.02
311 (23.2)
3rd quintile
1,106 (16.0)
19,313 (16.0)
0.00
862 (15.5)
950 (17.0)
0.04
244 (18.2)
4th quintile
800 (11.6)
15,054 (12.5)
0.03
642 (11.5)
701 (12.6)
0.03
158 (11.8)
5th quintile
653 (9.4)
11,675 (9.7)
0.01
485 (8.7)
512 (9.2)
0.02
168 (12.5)
Substance use disorder, n (%)
496 (7.2)
1,321 (1.1)
0.31
59 (1.1)
59 (1.1)
0.00
437 (32.6)
HIV positivity, n (%)
27 (0.4)
21 (0.02)
0.08
20 (0.4)
<6 (<0.1)
0.07
7 (0.5)
ADG categories, n (%)
0–3
3,489 (30.5)
84,704 (70.2)
0.41
3,267 (58.6)
3,267 (58.6)
0.00
222 (16.6)
4–7
2,445 (35.4)
29,971 (24.8)
0.23
1,984 (35.6)
1,984 (35.6)
0.00
461 (34.4)
8–10
668 (9.7)
4,946 (4.1)
0.22
289 (5.2)
289 (5.2)
0.00
379 (28.3)
>11
312 (4.5)
1,072 (0.9)
0.23
35 (0.6)
35 (0.6)
0.00
277 (20.7)
The index year is the year of CHC diagnosis. ADG: aggregated diagnostic groups; CHC: chronic hepatitis C; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; N: number of observations; sd: standard deviation; SMD: standardized difference in means.
