Prospective of ⁶⁸Ga Radionuclide Contribution to the Development of Imaging Agents for Infection and Inflammation

Table 3

⁶⁸Ga-based imaging agents for inflammation and infection investigated preclinically and clinically.

Target/mechanism	Imaging agent	Disease/microorganism; (study type)
	Inflammation
P-selectin	^68GaGa-Fucoidan	Atherosclerotic plaques; (preclinical [44])
Anti-CD163	^68GaGa-anti-CD163-antibody	Acute collagen-induced arthritis; (preclinical [45])
Integrins	^68GaGa-PRGD2	Rheumatoid arthritis; (clinical [46])
Integrins	^68GaGa-NOTA-c(RGDyK); ^68GaGa-NODAGA-RGD; ^68GaGa-TRAP-(RGD)3; ^68Ga-DOTA-E-c (RGDfK)2	Myocardial infarction; (preclinical [47–51])
Integrins	^68GaGa-NODAGA-RGD	Atherosclerotic plaques; (preclinical [52])
VAP-1	^68GaGa-Siglec	Synovial inflammation; inflammatory lung injury; atherosclerotic lesions; skin/muscle inflammation; (preclinical [53–56])
VAP-1	^68GaGa-DOTAVAP-P1,; ^68GaGa-DOTAVAP-PEG-P1	Skin/muscle inflammation; (preclinical [57])
CXCR4	^68GaGa-pentixafor	Ischemic heart; atherosclerotic plaques; (clinical [58, 59])
FR	^68GaGa-DOTA-PEG-FA; ^68GaGa-DOTA-folate	Inflammation/implant; (preclinical [60, 61])
SSTR	^68GaGa-DOTA-TOC	Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s disease, coronary artery plaque, atherosclerotic inflammation; (clinical [62–65])
Mannose receptors	^68GaGa-NOTA-MSA	Myocarditis; (preclinical [66])
Aβ plaques	^68Ga-labelled styrylpyridines, benzofuran, curcumin	Neuroinflammation, Alzheimer’s disease; (preclinical [67–69])
	Infection
Antibiotics/inhibitor	^68GaGa-ciprofloxacin	Staphylococcus aureus; (preclinical [70])
Antimicrobial/membrane	^68GaGa-NOTA-UBI29-41; ^68GaGa-NOTA-UBI30-41	Staphylococcus aureus; (preclinical [71, 72])
Antimicrobial/membrane	^68GaGa-DOTA-TBIA101	E. coli; (preclinical [73, 74])
Antimicrobial/membrane	^68GaGa-GF-17 and; ^68GaGa-RAWVAWR-NH2	E. coli and S. aureus; (preclinical [75])
Siderophores	^68GaGa-TAFC, ^68GaGa-FC,; ^68GaGa-FOXE	Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; (preclinical [15, 16, 76])
Leukocytes	^68GaGa-citrate	Osteomyelitis, diskitis, intra-abdominal infection, tuberculosis, interstitial nephritis; (clinical [18, 19, 77–80])
Leukocytes	^68GaGa-Apo-transferrin	Staphylococcus aureus; (preclinical [14])