Understanding Immunology via Engineering Design: The Role of Mathematical Prototyping

Figure 1

Productivity metrics of the United States pharmaceutical industry. Research and development spending by the United States pharmaceutical industry has escalated dramatically during the last several decades (solid line—left axis) [5]. However, the translation of this increased research spending into new therapeutic products, as represented by the number of new medical entities (NMEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (circles—right axis), has failed to keep pace [2].