Novel Application of a Multiscale Entropy Index as a Sensitive Tool for Detecting Subtle Vascular Abnormalities in the Aged and Diabetic

Table 1

Comparison of demographic, anthropometric, hemodynamic and biochemical parameters, MEI, and DI between healthy young subjects (Group 1), healthy middle-aged or elderly subjects (Group 2), well-controlled diabetic subjects (Group 3) and poorly controlled diabetic subjects (Group 4).

Parameter	Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
𝑁	30	40	40	30
Age (years)	24.87±2.69	56.59±8.75 **	64.98±9.26^++	60.03±8.24^𝜀
Body height (cm)	172.63±6.86	161.93±7.44 **	160.55±8.56	163.26±7.16
Body weight (kg)	68.12±10.99	63.31±10.70	68.09±10.28^+	71.41±11.93
Waist circumference (cm)	80.97±9.55	82.11±9.92	93.13±9.37^++	93.06±11.62
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.79±3.06	24.11±3.59	26.40±3.39^+	26.98±5.30
SBP (mmHg)	116.18±12.31	118.11±15.19	128.34±17.02^+	126.83±17.66
DBP (mm Hg)	71.94±6.18	73.94±10.49	75.04±10.14	74.72±11.19
HbA1c (%)	5.49±0.25	5.67±0.31 **	6.79±0.60^++	9.85±1.81^ε ε
HDL (mg/dL)	44.81±5.60	52.94±20.64 *	42.78±16.26^+	43.39±14.65
LDL (mg/dL)	97.0±26.83	122.48±26.78 *	99.33±25.17^++	117.93±36.23^ε
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)	92.69±3.19	97.70±15.76	128.06±28.77^++	166.96±59.07^ε
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	89.31±60.14	105.09±51.06	110.29±41.71	161.85±53.72^ε
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.92±0.12	0.79±0.22 *	0.93±0.37	1.24±1.17
Microalbumin (mg/dL)	0.72±0.56	0.64±0.66	16.99±57.99	71.68±222.41
MEISS	3.43±1.23	2.92±0.89	2.78±1.27	2.37±0.88
MEILS	4.22±1.41	3.53±0.99 *	3.02±1.48^+	2.34±0.96^ε
DI (%)	201.57±43.42	164.88±32.33 *	162.08±35.34	132.72±36.57^ε ε

Value are expressed as mean ± SD. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA_1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; MEI_SS: Multiscale Entropy Index with Small Scale; MEI_LS: Multiscale Entropy Index with Large Scale; DI: Dilatation Index. ^∗𝑃<0.05: Group 1 versus Group 2, ⁺𝑃<0.05: Group 2 versus Group 3, ^𝜀𝑃<0.05: Group 3 versus Group 4. ^∗∗𝑃<0.001: Group 1 versus Group 2, ⁺⁺𝑃<0.001: Group 2 versus Group 3, ^𝜀𝜀𝑃<0.001: Group 3 versus Group 4.