Review of Modelling Techniques for In Vivo Muscle Force Estimation in the Lower Extremities during Strength Training

Figure 1

Muscle and joint forces are quantified in vivo by combining experimental measurements (yellow) with computational biomechanics (orange). Different measurement parameters (black arrows) or computational optimizations (black arrows) are required to achieve different output parameters (green) in inverse dynamics or forward dynamics processes. For forward dynamics simulations (red arrows), usually applied to dynamic ballistic movement exercises such as the squat jump, joint dynamics such as joint angles, joint net moment, or muscle kinematics are derived by finding an optimal set of muscle kinetics using computational modelling. For inverse dynamics analysis (blue arrows), usually applied to low-speed exercises such as the squat, joint moments, muscle forces, and finally joint contact forces are derived from joint angles and net joint moments.