Increased Serum PAI-1 Levels in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome and Long-Term Adverse Mental Symptoms: A Population-Based Study
Table 1
Group characteristics. Values are expressed as counts (%), except age, total cholesterol, BMI, BDI, and PAI-1, which are expressed as means (SEM).
Men
Women
Control ()
Control + MetS ()
LMS + MetS ()
P-value
Control ()
Control + MetS ()
LMS + MetS ()
P-value
Age (years)
58.24 (1.61)
55.80 (2.19)
56.67 (1.35)
.592
55.59 (1.17)
60.82 (1.79)
55.18 (1.84)
.099
Marital status (single) (%)
4 (10)
3 (12)
8 (19)
.430
5 (7)
1 (6)
9 (32)
.004
Total holesterol (mmol/L)
4.92 (0.14)
4.96 (0.17)
5.02 (0.98)
.891
5.19 (0.11)
5.17 (0.98)
5.03 (0.09)
.750
BMI (kg/m)
24.82 (0.36)
29.56 (0.72)
29.79 (0.74)
<.001
25.98 (0.56)
31.78 (1.41)
32.37 (0.93)
<.001
Alcohol consumption (more than 2 × week) (%)
13 (31)
1 (4)
10 (24)
.034
6 (9)
4 (24)
3 (11)
.258
Current smokers (%)
5 (12)
1 (4)
13 (31)
.016
6 (9)
1 (6)
8 (29)
.098
Cardiovascular disease (%)
0 (0)
2 (8)
2 (5)
.223
5 (7)
1 (6)
3 (11)
.358
Lipid-lowering drugs (%)
15 (36)
9 (36)
10 (24)
.420
13 (19)
6 (35)
8 (29)
.282
BDI score 2005
2.73 (0.42)
3.12 (0.56)
12.76 (1.48)
<.001
3.86 (0.53)
2.59 (0.61)
13.54 (1.51)
<.001
PAI-1 (ng/mL)
29.76 (3.72)
43.42 (5.39)
49.68 (5.28)
.008
35.40 (3.07)
30.00 (5.01)
35.34 (5.21)
.724
P values calculated with one-way ANOVA for age, total cholesterol, BMI, and the BDI score, with the Kruskal-Wallis test for PAI-1 and with the test for alcohol consumption, smoking, marital status, cardiovascular disease, and the consumption of lipid-lowering drugs. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory BMI: Body mass index SEM: Standard error of the mean.
