Proposed model of epileptogenicity in occult CVD. The central green/white circle depicts the elements of the healthy neurovascular unit. The outer red/white circle depicts possible sequelae of hypertension, a key determinant of CVD. Structural and functional integrity of the neurovascular unit may be compromised by a diffuse cerebral microangiopathy and endothelial and BBB dysfunction with BBB leakage. Potential mechanisms leading to epileptogenesis might then include impaired cerebral perfusion and neurovascular uncoupling, excitotoxicity occurring as a consequence of ischaemia, or extravasation of serum proteins and inflammation.