Are Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Verbal Learning and Memory Impairment in Patients with Schizophrenia? A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Sample characteristics (𝑁=168).

Socio-demographic characteristics
Age in years: Mean (± SD)	36.62±12.09
Sex ratio (men) (%)	73.8%
Education level (%): ≥12 y	57.6%
Clinical characteristics
Disease duration in years: Mean (± SD)	12.15±9.44
PANSS* total score: Mean (± SD)	69.45±20.01
Positive factor	14.31±5.45
Negative factor	19.32±7.29
General psychopathology factor	35.82±10.20
Second generation antipsychotics (%)	86.7%
Metabolic syndrome criteria
Hyperglycemia (%)	16.7%
Low HDL cholesterol (%)	35.7%
High triglycerides (%)	22.6%
Hypertension (%)	39.9%
Abdominal obesity (%)	46.4%
Fagerstrom Test: Mean (± SD)	3.50±3.27
Alcohol dependence or abuse (%)	27.5%
Cognitive assessment: Mean (± SD)
Span of apprehension
List A, trial 1	5.37±2.26
Verbal learning
Total recall Trials 1–5, List A	43.40±12.85
Short-term memory
Short delay free recall	8.67±3.32
Short delay cued recall	961±3.17
Long-term memory
Long delay free recall	9.27±3.60
Long delay cued recall	9.68±3.43
Rate of forgetting
Short-long-delay free recall	0.66±1.51
Interference
Proactive	−0.38±2.45
Retroactive	−2.18±2.26