New Developments in Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Micropollutants

Table 2

Determination of personal care products in environmental samples by LC coupled to mass spectrometry.

Compounds	Samples	Extraction	Determination	Analytical parameters	Reference
UV filters: BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-4, BP-6, and BP-8	River water and wastewater	SPE	LC-QqQ; ESI (NI and PI); MRM	Recoveries: 83–105%; LOQs 1–32 ng·L^−1	[83]
Triclosan and triclocarban	Wastewater and tap water	IL-DLLME	LC-QqQ; ESI (NI); MRM	Recoveries: 70.0–103.5%; RSD 7.0–8.8%; LODs: 0.040–0.58 𝜇g·L^−1	[84]
Triclocarban	Wastewater effluents	SBSE	LC-QqQ; ESI (NI); MRM	Recoveries: 92–96%; RSD: 2%; LOQ: 10 ng·L^−1	[85]
BP-1, BP-3, BP-8, OC, OD-PABA; triclocarban, triclosan,; methylparaben, ethylparaben, benzylparaben, propylparaben	Surface water and wastewaters	SPE	UHPLC-QqQ; ESI (NI and PI); MRM	Recoveries: 20–101%; RSD: 1–14%; LODs: 20–200 ng·L^−1	[86]
53 multiclass emerging pollutants (UV filters and insect repellents, among others)	Tap water, surface water, and wastewater	SPE	LC-qqQ; ESI (NI and PI); MRM	Recoveries > 60%; RSD < 15%; LODs: 0.3–30 ng·L^−1	[90]
Benzotriazoles (UVP, UV 329, UV 326, UV 328, UV 327, UV 571, and UV 360)	Coastal marine water and wastewater	SPE online	UHPLC-QqQ; ESI (PI); MRM	Recoveries: 65–94%; RSD: 6.2–10 %; LODs: 0.6–4.1 ng·L^−1	[118]
4-Hydroxybenzophenone; BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, and BP-8	Sediments and sludge	LLE	LC-QqQ; ESI (NI); MRM	Recoveries: 70–116%; RSD: 3.3–13.8%; LOQs: 0.06–1.65 ng·g^−1	[92]
Biocides, UV filters, and benzothiazoles	Sludge sample	PLE	LC-QqQ; ESI, APCI (NI and PI); MRM	Recoveries: 74–119%; RSD < 25%	[93]
Triclosan, triclocarban,; methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzyl paraben,; OD-PABA, OC, PMDSA, BP-1, BP-3, and BP-8	Sewage sludge	PLE	UHPLC-QqQ; ESI (NI and PI); MRM	Recoveries: 15–100%; RSD ≤ 9%; LODs < 8 ng·g^−1	[94]

Abbreviations: LC: liquid chromatography; UHPLC: ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography; QqQ: triple quadrupole; IT: ion trap; LIT: lineal ion trap; ESI: electrospray ionization; APCI: atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; NI: negative ion mode of ionisation; PI: positive ion mode of ionisation; MRM: multiple reaction monitoring; SRM: selected reaction monitoring.
IL: ionic liquid; LLE: liquid-liquid extraction; SDME: single-drop microextraction; DLLME: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; SBSE: stir-bar sorptive extraction; PLE: pressurised liquid extraction.
RSD: Relative standard deviation; LOQ: limit of quantification; LOD: limit of detection.
OC: octocrylene; PMDSA: 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid; OD-PABA: octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid; BP-1: 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone; BP-2: 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone; BP-3: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; BP-4: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulphonic acid; BP-6: 2,2′-dihydroxy-4,4′-methoxybenzophenone; BP-8: 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone.