Abstract
The objective of this paper is to develope a simple, precise, accurate, and reproducible reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of chlorpheniramine maleate, ibuprofen, and phenylephrine hydrochloride in combined pharmaceutical dosage form. Analysis was carried out using acetonitrile : mathanol : phoshphate buffer (50 : 20 : 30, v/v/v, pH 5.6) mobile phase at 1.0 mL/min flow rate and Sunfire C 18 column (5 μm × 250 mm × 4.6 mm) as stationary phase with detection wavelength of 220 nm. The retention times of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), ibuprofen (IBU), and phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) were 4.2 min, 13.6 min, and 2.7 min, respectively. The proposed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, and robustness. The linearity for chlorpheniramine maleate, ibuprofen, and phenylephrine hydrochloride was in the range of 0.5–2.5 μg/mL, 25–125 μg/mL, and 1.25–6.25 μg/mL, respectively. The % recoveries of all the three drugs were found to be 99.44–101.61%, 99.39–101.79%, and 98.66–101.83%. LOD were found to be 32, 120, and 68 ng/mL for CPM, IBU, and PHE, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of chlorpheniramine maleate, ibuprofen, and phenylephrine hydrochloride in combined pharmaceutical dosage form.
1. Introduction
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridin-2-ylpropan-1-amine is the IUPAC name of the chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM). The empirical formula for CPM is C20H23ClN2O4 (Figure 1: chemical structure of CPM salt). CPM is a H-1 receptor blocker. CPM is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, watery eyes, itchy eyes/nose/throat/skin, cough, runny nose, and sneezing. 2-[4-(2-methyl-propyl)phenyl]propanoic acid is the IUPAC name of the ibuprofen (IBU). The empirical formula for IBU is C13H18O2 (Figure 2: chemical structure of IBU). IBU is a nonselective inhibitor of COX-2, an enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis of the arachidonic acid pathway. Its pharmacological effects are believed to be due to inhibition of COX-2 which decrease the synthesis of prostaglandin involved in mediating inflammation pain, fever, and swelling. (R)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylamino-ethanol hydrochloride is the IUPAC name of phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE). The empirical formula for PHE is C9H13NO2HCl (Figure 3: chemical structure of PHE). PHE is α-adrenoreceptor agonist, decreases nasal congestion, and increases drainage of sinus cavities. The combination dosage form of CPM, IBU, and PHE is available in the market and it is indicated in the treatment of allergy, congestion relief, and fever reducer [1–5].
These drugs are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, and United states Pharmacopoeia [3–5].
A literature survey regarding quantitative analysis of these drugs revealed that attempts have been made to develop analytical methods for the estimation of chlorpheniramine maleate alone and in combination with other drugs by liquid chromatographic (HPLC) [6–10] and HPTLC [11, 12]. The liquid chromatographic (HPLC) [13], HPTLC [14, 15], and spectrophotometric methods [16, 17] have been reported for the estimation of ibuprofen alone and in combination with other drugs. The spectrophotometric method [18], liquid chromatography (HPLC) [6, 9], and HPTLC [11, 12, 19, 20] methods have been reported for the estimation of phenylephrine hydrochloride alone and in combination with other drugs.
There is no method reported for the simultaneous estimation of CPM, IBU, and PHE in combined dosage form. The present study involved the development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the estimation of CPM, IBU, and PHE in combined pharmaceutical dosage form.
2. Experimental
2.1. Reagents and Materials
Analytically pure CPM, IBU, and PHE were obtained as gift samples from Elite Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad, India. HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from SRL Ltd., Mumbai, India. The water was distilled and deionised by using Millipore (Vienna, Austria) Milli Q Ultrapure system. Tablet formulation (ADVIL allergy and congestion relief, Pfizer Pharmaceutical, Madison, USA) containing labeled amount of 4 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate, 200 mg of ibuprofen, and 10 mg of phenylephrine hydrochloride was used for the study.
2.2. Apparatus
The liquid chromatographic system consists of Waters series 2998 (Shelton, USA) equipped with a series PDA detector, series 515 quaternary pump, and manual injector rheodyne valve with 20 μL fixed loop. The analytes were monitored at 220 nm. Chromatographic analysis was performed on Sunfire C 18 column (5 μm × 250 mm × 4.6 mm). All the drugs and chemicals were weighed on Shimadzu electronic balance (AX 200, Shimadzu Corp., Japan).
2.3. Chromatographic Conditions
The Sunfire C 18 column (5 μm × 250 mm × 4.6 mm) equilibrated with mobile phase acetonitrile : methanol : phosphate buffer (50 : 20 : 30, v/v/v; pH 5.6) and adjusted with 0.01% O-phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min, eluents were monitored with UV detector at 220 nm, and the injection volume was 20 μL. Total run time was kept for 15 min.
2.4. Preparation of Standard Stock Solutions
CPM, IBU, and PHE were weighed (10 mg each) and transferred to three separate 10 mL volumetric flasks and volumes were made up to the mark with mobile phase to yield a solution containing 1000 μg/mL of CPM, IBU, and PHE, respectively. Appropriately diluted with mobile phase to obtain working standard of CPM 100 μg/mL, IBU 1000 μg/mL and PHE 100 μg/mL were used as a working standard.
2.5. Method Validation
The proposed method was subjected to validation for various parameters like linearity and range, precision, accuracy, and robustness in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines.
2.5.1. Linearity
Appropriate aliquots of CPM, IBU, and PHE working standard solutions were taken in different 10 mL volumetric flasks and diluted up to the mark with mobile phase to obtain final concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 μg/mL of CPM, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 μg/mL of IBU, and 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00, and 6.25 μg/mL of PHE, respectively. The solutions were injected using a 20 μL fixed loop system and chromatograms were recorded. Calibration curves were constructed by plotting average peak area versus concentrations and regression equations were computed for all three drugs.
2.5.2. Precision
The repeatability studies were carried out by estimating response of CPM (2 μg/mL), IBU (100 μg/mL), and PHE (5 μg/mL) six times and results were reported in terms of relative standard deviation. The intraday and interday precision studies (intermediate precision) were carried out by estimating the corresponding responses 3 times on the same day and on 3 different days for three different concentrations of CPM (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 μg/mL), IBU (25, 75, and 125 μg/mL), and PHE (1.25, 3.75, and 6.25 μg/mL), and the results were reported in terms of relative standard deviation.
2.5.3. Accuracy
The accuracy of the method was determined by calculating recoveries of CPM, IBU, and PHE by method of standard additions. Known amounts of CPM (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/mL), IBU (0, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL), and PHE (0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 μg/mL) were added to a prequantified sample solution, and the amounts of CPM, IBU, and PHE were estimated by measuring the peak areas and by fitting these values to the straight-line equation of calibration curve.
2.5.4. Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit
The LOD and LOQ were calculated using the following equation as per ICH guidelines: where is the standard deviation of -intercepts of regression lines and is the slope of the calibration curve.
2.5.5. Robustness
Robustness of the method was studied by deliberately changing the experimental conditions like flow rate and percentage of mobile phase ratio. The study was carried out by changing 5% of the mobile phase ratio and 0.1 mL/min of flow rate.
2.5.6. Solution Stability
The solutions were prepared and solution stability was checked for 3, 9, 12, and 24 hrs by checking the area over the period of time, using the different analysts and the same instrument.
2.5.7. System Suitability
A system suitability test was an integral part of the method development to verify that the system is adequate for the analysis of CPM, IBU, and PHE to be performed. System suitability test of the chromatography system was performed before each validation run. Five replicate injections of a system suitability standard and one injection of a check standard were made. Area, retention time (RT), tailing factor, asymmetry factor, and theoretical plates for the five suitability injections were determined.
2.6. Analysis of Marketed Formulation
Twenty tablets were accurately weighed and finely powdered. Tablet powder equivalent to 4 mg CPM, 200 mg of IBU, and 10 mg of PHE was taken in 100 mL volumetric flask. Methanol (50 mL) was added to the above flask and the flask was sonicated for 15 minutes. The solution was filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 41 and volume was made up to the mark with the mobile phase.
Appropriate volume of the aliquot was transferred to a 10 mL volumetric flask and the volume was made up to the mark with the mobile phase to obtain a solution containing 1.0 μg/mL of CPM, 50 μg/mL of IBU, and 2.50 μg/mL of PHE. The solution was sonicated for 10 min. It was injected as per the above chromatographic conditions and peak areas were recorded. The quantifications were carried out by keeping these values to the straight line equation of calibration curve.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of Mobile Phase
The optimization of mobile phase was to resolve chromatographic peaks for active drug ingredients with less asymmetric factor.
There were many mobile phases that tried to resolve all three chromatographic peaks, in that first with simple methanol : water (70 : 30, v/v), methanol : water (50 : 50, v/v), methanol : water (40 : 60, v/v), but we found broadness of peaks and could not get satisfactory results in these chromatograms. To improve these, we worked with phosphate buffer and for sharpness of chromatographic peaks we worked with acetonitrile with slightly acidic condition. So, acetonitrile : phosphate buffer (70 : 30, v/v) (pH: 5.6) was adjusted with 0.01% O-phosphoric acid peaks which were resolved but merged CPM and PHE peak and PHE peak with void volume at 1.9 min. So acetonitrile : phosphate buffer (60 : 40) (pH: 5.6, v/v) was adjusted with 0.01% O-phosphoric acid but PHE peak with void volume. So we added methanol and peak of PHE in Acetonitrile : methanol : phoshphate buffer mobile phase got at above 2.5 min; therefore, acetonitrile : methanol : phosphate buffer (50 : 10 : 40, v/v/v) (pH: 5.6) was adjusted with O-phosphoric acid PHE peak at 2.5 min, CPM peak at 3.8 min, and IBU peak at 24 min. We add more 10% of methanol and, IBU peak at 13.6 min.
Finally, the mobile phase acetonitrile : methanol : phosphate buffer (50 : 20 : 30, v/v/v) (pH: 5.6) adjusted with 0.01% O-phosphoric acid was found to be satisfactory which gave three symmetric and well-resolved peaks for CPM, IBU, and PHE. The retention times for CPM, IBU, and PHE were 4.2 min, 13.6 min, and 2.7 min, respectively (Figure 4). The resolutions between PHE & CPM, PHE & IBU, and CPM & IBU were found to be 4.5, 16.8, and 15.2, respectively, which indicates good separation of all compounds. The mobile phase flow rate was maintained at 1 mL/min. Overlain UV spectra of the drugs showed that CPM, IBU, and PHE absorbed appreciably at 220 nm, so detection was carried out at 220 nm (Figure 5).
3.2. Method Validation
The calibration curve for CPM was found to be linear in the range of 0.5–2.5 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. The calibration curve for IBU was found to be linear in the range of 25–125 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. The calibration curve for PHE was found to be linear in the range of 1.25–6.25 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. Instrument precision was determined by performing injection repeatability test and the RSD values for CPM, IBU, and PHE were found to be 1.38%, 0.57%, and 0.44%, respectively. The intraday and interday precision studies were carried out and the results are reported in Table 1. The low RSD values indicate that the method is precise.
The accuracy of the method was determined by calculating recoveries of CPM, IBU, and PHE by method of standard addition. The recoveries were found to be 99.44–101.61%, 99.39–101.79%, and 98.66–101.83% for CPM, IBU, and PHE, respectively. The results are reported in Table 1. The high values indicate that the method is accurate.
The detection limits for CPM, IBU, and PHE were found to be 32 ng/mL, 120 ng/mL, and 68 ng/mL, respectively, while quantitation limits were found to be 0.1 μg/mL, 0.4 μg/mL, and 0.2 μg/mL, respectively. The above data shows that a nanogram quantity of the drugs can be accurately and precisely determined. Robustness study was performed by deliberately changing the experimental conditions like flow rate from 1 mL/min to 0.8 mL/min and 1.2 mL/min. The composition of mobile phase was changed varying the proportion of acetonitrile by 5%. In both conditions the recoveries of both drugs were determined and the RSD was found to be less than 2%. The results are reported in Table 2.
System suitability parameters such as the number of theoretical plates, resolution, and tailing factor were determined. System suitability test was carried out and the results are summarized in Table 3. Asymmetric factors for CPM, IBU, and PHE are 1.0, 1.11, and 0.944, respectively.
Stability of standard and sample solution of CPM, IBU, and PHE were evaluated at room temperature. The solutions of the three drugs were found to be stable for 0, 3, 6, and 24 hrs. The results are reported in Table 4. All three drugs were found to be stable with a recovery of more than 98%.
3.3. Analysis of Marketed Formulations
The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of CPM, IBU, and PHE in their combined dosage form. The % recovery ± S.D. was found to be 100.37 ± 1.24, 100.24 ± 1.55, and 100.91 ± 1.25, respectively, for CPM, IBU, and PHE (Table 5) which were comparable with the corresponding labeled amounts.
4. Conclusion
The concentration of CPM, IBU, and PHE in pharmaceutical dosage form could be satisfactorily determined using isocratic RP-HPLC system with PDA detector.
This study had shown that PDA detector was sensitive, accurate, and simple method for the determination of the active ingredients in ADVIL allergy and congestion relief tablet.
This method has been found suitable for the routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms in QC and R & D Laboratories for product of similar type and composition.
Disclosure
The authors have no conflict of interests or no financial gains in mentioning the company names or trademarks. The usage of this trademark symbol or company name is for proving the genuinity of the work and not for any other purpose. As the authors of the paper, they do not have any financial relation with the commercial identity in the paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Elite Pharma Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad, India, for providing gift sample of CPM, IBU, and PHE. The authors are very thankful to Principal, Indukaka Ipcowala College of Pharmacy, New Vallabh Vidyanagar for providing necessary facilities to carry out research work.