Bilateral Absence of the Superior Vena Cava

Table 1

Summary of the case reports published on bilateral absence of the superior vena cava (SVC).

Author	Year	Age at diagnosis; gender	Symptoms	Diagnostic examination	Intracardiac malformations	Other
Hussain et al. [2]	1981	82 years; female	Diagnosed during transvenous pacemaker placement (complete atrioventricular; block)	Venography	No	Possibility of communication with intrahepatic circulation and formation of esophageal and gastric varices was also evident
Del Ojo et al. [3]	1999	81 years; male	Diagnosed during transvenous pacemaker placement (complete atrioventricular block)	Venography	No	Superficial varicose vein circulation at abdominal thoracic level
Saunders et al. [4]	2001	25 years; female	Mild dyspnea on exertion	MRI; Venography; Exploratory median sternotomy	No
Minniti et al. [5]	2002	NA	NA	CT; Venography	NA
Krasemann et al. [6]	2003	3 months; male	Clinical signs of TOF	Catheterization; Venography; Operation	TOF	IVC also anomalous with an inferior part of the IVC on left side of the spine
Lee et al. [7]	2005	One week; female	Facial and upper trunk edema; Respiratory distress; Chylothorax	Echocardiography; CT; Venography; Right atrium; cardiography	No	Severe SVC dysplasia with multiple segments of stenosis at the SCV Symptoms persisting more than 6 months despite chylothorax improvement
Akai et al. [8]	2006	28 years; male	No	CT; MRI	No
Römer et al. [9]	2006	Prenatally at gestation week 24 + 5; male	Respiratory distress; Chylothorax	Echocardiography; MRI angiography	Type II and sinus venosus ASD	Symptoms resolved after pleural puncture
Ou et al. [10]	2007	14 months; male	Cardiac murmur	Echocardiography; CT	No
Quraishi et al. [11]	2010	59 years; male	Diagnosed during electrophysiological; evaluation (WPW syndrome)	Venography; CT angiography	No	Absence of hepatic segment of the IVC with azygos continuation

ASD: atrial septal defect; IVC: inferior vena cava; NA: not available; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot; WPW: Wolff-Parkinson-White.