Hypercalcemia in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review

Table 2

Published cases of hypercalcemia associated with upper tract urothelial carcinoma except for the cases with bone metastasis as a sole potential cause.

Reference	Age, sex	Site	Histology	Calcium; (mg/dL)	Phosphorous; (mg/dL)	PTH	PTHrP	25-OHD	1,25(OH)2D	Lithiasis^(b)	Concurrent conditions
Bourn et al.,1964 [3]	69 M	P	TR	16.9	3.4	?	?	?	?	++	A shrapnel wound to the kidney
Hodgkinson,; 1964 [4]	59 F	P	TR, SQ	16.3	3.7–4.2	?	?	?	?	+	Parathyroid adenoma
Dean et al., 1969 [5]	47 F	P	SQ	13.4	2.4	?	?	?	?		Parathyroid adenoma; a horseshoe kidney
Scully and McNeely, 1974 [6]	68 M	P	TR, SQ	19.7	3.3	> ×2 normal upper limit	?	?	?	+	Bone metastasis; undetectable PTH in the tumor extract
Mandell et al., 1978 [7]	57 M	P, U, B	TR	14.2	3.1	Elevated	?	?	?
Mandell et al., 1978 [7]	60 F	P, U	TR, SQ	13.5	2.0	Elevated	?	?	?
Pigadas et al., 1978 [8]	71 F	P, B	TR, SQ	13.3	?	170 pg/mL; (ref. 255 ± 92)	?	?	?	++	Hyperplastic parathyroid
Cutshall and Melman, 1979 [9]	64 M	P	TR	14	3.4	Undetectable	?	?	?		Undetectable for PTH in the tumor
Gonzolez et al., 1985 [10]	55 M	P	SQ	13	3	69 mIU per cent^(c); (ref. 250–410)	?	?	?	++	Tumor tissue positive for PTH
Harel et al.,1985 [11]	48 M	P	TR	15.3	3.4	?	?	?	?
Ramsay and Hendry, 1986 [12]	28 M	P	TR	15.2^(a)	?	Elevated	?	?	?	+	Bone metastasis
Schaefer and Geelhoed, 1986 [13]	58 M	P	SQ	11.3	2.3	840 ng/mL; (ref. 430–1816)	?	?	?	+	Parathyroid hyperplasia
Jacqmin et al., 1987 [14]	80 M	P	SQ	13.3	?	Elevated	?	?	?	+
Lee et al., 1988 [15]	32 F	P	SQ	12.1	2.1	514 pg/mL; (ref. 430–1860)	?	?	?	++
Derbyshire et al., 1989 [16]	45 M	P	TR	12.0^(a)	?	0.53 ng/mL; (ref. <1.0)	?	?	?	+	Analgesic nephropathy
Derbyshire et al., 1989 [16]	45 F	P	TR	12.8^(a)	?	<0.2 ng/mL; (ref. 0.2–0.6)	?	?	?	+	Analgesic nephropathy
Castillo et al., 1991 [17]	67 F	P	TR, SQ	14.6^(a)	?	Normal	?	?	?
Sandhu et al., 1991; [18]	60 M	P	SQ	11.2^(a)	?	2.8 pmol/L; (ref. 0.8–8.5)	?	?	?		History of papillary tumor of the bladder
Lee et al., 1994 [19]	53 M	P	TR	13.6	2.6	Normal	?	6.0 ng/mL	6.0 pg/mL	++	Coexisting ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma
Matsuoka et al., 1994 [20]	78 M	U	TR	13.9^(a)	3.9	<3 pg/mL; (ref. 15–50)	?	?	?		Elevated urinary PTHrP; positive for PTHrP staining on metastatic lesion
O’Sullivan et al., 1994 [21]	78 M	P	SQ	13.8	Low normal	Undetectable	?	?	?	++	History of tuberculosis
Cadeddu and Jarrett, 1998 [22]	67 F	P	SQ	11.7	?	3 pg/mL; (ref. 10–65)	?	7 ng/mL; (ref. 10–55)	?	++
Kamai et al., 1998 [23]	53 M	P	SQ	19.0^(a)	?	?	12.0 pmol/L; (ref. <1.1)	?	?		Positive for PTHrP staining on the tumor
Er et al., 2001 [24]	58 M	P	SQ	14.4	5.3	28 pg/mL; (ref. 9–55)	?	?	?	++
Grubb et al., 2004 [25]	44 F	P	TR	13.6	?	<5 pg/mL; (ref. 14–72)	?	?	?		Polycystic kidney disease
Li et al., 2007 [26]	49 M	P, U	?	Elevated	?	?	?	?	?		Bone-marrow metastasis
McMahan and Linneman, 2009 [27]	71 M	U	TR	14.4	?	Normal	49.5 pmol/L; (ref. 0–4.7)	?	?
Present case	57 M	P, U	TR, SQ, SC	11.0	4.0	2 pg/mL; (ref. 10–65)	1.1 pmol/L; (ref. <2.0)	51 ng/mL; (ref. 25–80)	118 pg/mL; (ref. 18–72)

^(a)Corrected calcium; ^(b)++ staghorn calculus, + other lithiasis; ^(c)C-terminal PTH. Site: P (renal pelvis), U (ureter), and B (bladder). Histology: TR (transitional), SQ (squamous, including squamous metaplasia), and SC (sarcomatoid). 25-OHD: 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25(OH)₂D: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, ?: not mentioned; and ref.: reference range.