Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Hematologic Emergency in the Critical Care Setting

Table 3

Etiologies associated with secondary HLH.

Malignancy
Hematologic	Lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ALL
Nonhematologic	Prostate cancer, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma
Autoimmune disease	Systemic juvenile, SLE, Kawasaki disease, seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Infection
Bacterial	Coxiella burnetii, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Chlamydia spp., Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Mycoplasma spp., Salmonella spp., Brucella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., Clostridium spp., Listeria spp.
Fungal	Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.
Parasitic	Plasmodium spp., Toxoplasma spp., Babesia spp., Strongyloides spp., Leishmania spp.
Viral	Herpes virus (EBV, CMV, HHV-8, HSV), HIV, HTLV, HAV, HBV, HCV, HEV, Influenza, mumps, measles, rubella, dengue, hantavirus, parvovirus B19, enterovirus

ALL: acute lymphocytic leukemia; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; CMV: cytomegalovirus; HHV-8: human herpesvirus 8; HSV: herpes simplex virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HTLV: human T-lymphotropic virus; HAV: hepatitis A virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HEV: hepatitis E virus.