Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Parainfluenza Virus

Table 1

Characteristics of reported patients with rhabdomyolysis associated with parainfluenza virus.

No./age/sex	Method of detection*/serotype	Muscle involvement	Highest CPK; (U/L)	Highest AST; (U/L)	Complications	Duration; of illness; (days)	Outcome	Ref.
1/5 y/M	DFA/1	N/A	22,242	1,040	ARF, respiratory failure	52	Survived	Vrsalovic et al.2007 [3]
2/6 y/F	DFA/1	Calves, thighs, and swelling	50,000	156	ARF, compartment syndrome	37	Survived, recurred with influenza	Ebbeson et al.; 2009 [4]
3/10 y/M	DFA/1	Classic triad^‡	7,563	71	None	14	Survived	Pana et al.; 2011 [5]
4/8 y/F	Serology/2	Calves, refusal walking	4,060	204	None	7	Survived	Zvolanek 1984 [6]
5/7 y/M	PCR/2	Calves, thighs, arms, abdomen, and knee stiffness	21,425	843	None	6	Survived	Present
6/4 y/M	Viral culture/3	Calves, thighs knee stiffness, and swelling	1,700	205	ARF, respiratory failure, and brain edema	12	Died	Ueda et al.; 1978 [7]
7/8 y/M	Viral culture/4	Calves, thighs	1,566	N/A	None	4	Survived	McKinlay and Mitchell 1976; [8]
8/38 y/M	Serology/2	Diffuse	79,000	1,200	None	10	Survived	O'Connor and Iyer 1982 [9]
9/43 y/M	Serology/3	Legs, trunk, and swelling	105,200	56,800	ARF, hyperkalemia	13	Died	Muto et al.; 1987 [10]
10/78 y/M	§PCR/4	N/A	706	N/A	Hemorrhagic pneumonia	24	Died	Rubinas et al.; 2004 [11]

 *Viral culture, DFA, and PCR performed in nasopharyngeal specimens.  §PCR performed in lung tissue.
^‡Classic triad: myalgias, muscle weakness, and dark urine.
ARF: acute renal failure; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; DFA: direct immune-fluorescence antibody assay; N/A: not available; PCR: polymerase-chain reaction; Ref.: reference; y: years.