Differential Effects of Awake Glioma Surgery in “Critical” Language Areas on Cognition: 4 Case Studies

Table 3

Pre- and postoperative neuropsychological test-scores P1–P4 (a–d). w = weeks, m = months, and y = years. Pathological (severe) impairment: -score ≤−2 (marked with bold). Clinical (mild) impairment: -score ≤−1.5 (marked with italic).

(a)

P1
	Preoperative results	Postoperative results; (6 w)	Postoperative results; (6 m)
Language
Object naming (DuLIP)	0.13	0.63	0.63
Action naming (DuLIP)	0.76	0.76	0.76
Category fluency	0.10	−1.00	0.45
Letter fluency	1.10	−0.10	0.50
AAT Token Test	0.83	0.83	0.83
Memory
15 WT imprinting	−0.10	−1.60	0.10
15 WT recall	−0.60	−0.60	−0.20
Digit span	0.67	0.33	1.00
Attention/executive functions
Design fluency productivity	2.05	1.41	2.33
Design fluency flexibility	1.28	0.58	0.67
Design fluency strategy	1.08	2.05	1.28
TMTA	1.10	1.20	1.60
TMTB	1.40	1.70	2.10
TMTBA	0.90	1.20	1.40
Stroop I	−0.30	−0.40	−0.20
Stroop II	1.50	1.20	1.80
Stroop III	1.60	2.40	1.90
Stroop interference	1.00	2.30	1.20

(b)

P2
	Preoperative results	Postoperative results (6 w)	Postoperative results (6 m)
Language
Object naming (DuLIP)	−0.64	−6.28	−4.40
Action naming (DuLIP)	−0.80	−2.94	−1.37
Category fluency	−1.20	−2.50	−2.30
Letter fluency	−1.90	−2.70	−2.40
AAT Token Test	−5.35	−10.81	−5.35
Memory
15 WT imprinting	−0.64	−3.90	−3.50
15 WT recall	−0.80	−3.10	−2.70
Digit span	−1.20	−3.00	−3.00
Attention/executive functions
Design fluency productivity	0.13	−1.88	−2.05
Design fluency flexibility	−0.25	−1.13	0.00
Design fluency strategy	0.84	−0.47	0.25
TMTA	0.20	−4.10	−1.50
TMTB	−1.60	−4.30	−3.40
TMTBA	−1.90	−2.70	−3.10
Stroop I	−2.00	−5.40	−5.00
Stroop II	−2.20	−4.40	−5.10
Stroop III	−1.90	−3.40	−3.40
Stroop interference	−0.60	−1.20	−0.30

(c)

P3
	Preoperative results	Postoperative results (3 m)	Postoperative results (1 y)
Language
Boston Naming Test	−0.60	−0.27	−1.27
Category fluency	1.10	1.57	−0.46
Letter fluency	0.00	0.54	1.08
AAT Token Test	−0.10	−0.83	−0.83
AAT repetition	1.39	0.83	0.83
AAT reading aloud	0.54	0.54	0.54
AAT writing to dictation	0.54	0.54	0.54
Memory
15 WT imprinting	−1.40	−0.40	0.40
15 WT recall	−1.60	−0.50	1.00
Attention/executive functions
TMTA	0.50	1.10	1.00
TMTB	−2.40	0.30	−0.20
TMTBA	−3.00	−0.40	−0.90
Stroop I	0.60	0.60	1.10
Stroop II	−0.30	−0.30	0.70
Stroop III	0.70	0.10	1.10
Stroop interference	1.10	0.30	0.80

(d)

P4
	Preoperative results	Postoperative results (3 m)	Postoperative results (1 y)
Language
Boston Naming Test	−0.21	−0.74	0.05
Category fluency	0.75	−1.16	0.73
Letter fluency	−1.08	−1.26	−1.44
AAT Token Test	−0.47	0.99	−0.10
AAT repetition	0.28	−4.17	−1.39
AAT reading aloud	−0.49	−0.49	0.54
AAT writing to dictation	0.27	−0.27	0.00
Memory
15 WT imprinting	−1.30	1.50	−0.10
15 WT recall	−0.70	0.00	0.40
Attention/executive functions
TMTA	0.70	0.00	0.90
TMTB	−0.60	−1.40	0.00
TMTBA	−1.10	−1.60	−0.60
Stroop I	0.80	−0.90	−0.30
Stroop II	1.10	0.00	−0.50
Stroop III	1.20	−0.50	−0.30
Stroop interference	0.60	−0.70	0.00