Case Report

Epidural Brain Metastases in a Patient with Early Onset Pancreatic Cancer: A Case Report and Literature Review

Table 1

Common mutated genes implicated in the pathogenesis and occurrence of pancreatic cancer (adapted from [9]).

NameChromosomeNormal functionComment

K-ras12pCell growth and division. Gain of function mutation. The most common mutation found in PC. Up to 50% of colon cancers harbor the K-ras mutation as well.
TP5317pCell cycle control and regulation of cellular apoptosis.Loss of function mutation. Implicated in the vast majority of cancers. Abnormal function in Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
CDKN2A9pCell cycle control.Loss of function mutation. Abnormal function in familial atypical multiple mole melanoma.
SMAD418qRegulation of cell cycle and cell division.Loss of function mutation. This mutation is associated with a greater burden of PC-related metastases.
BRCA2 and PALB213q and 16p, respectivelyRegulation of cell cycle.Loss of function mutations. Abnormal in breast and ovarian cancer syndromes.
STK11/LKB119pTumor suppressor gene (?)Loss of function mutation. Abnormal in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.
MLH1 and MSH23p and 2p, respectivelyDNA repair and regulation of cell cycle.Loss of function mutation. Abnormal in Lynch syndrome.
ATM11qRegulation of the cell cycle and DNA repair.Loss of function mutation. Abnormal in Ataxia telangiectasia.
PRSS1 and SPINK17q and 5q, respectively.PRSS1 encodes a trypsinogen and SPINK1 encodes a trypsin inhibitor.Loss of function mutation for SPINK1 and gain in function mutation for PRSS1. Abnormal in hereditary pancreatitis.