Abstract
Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently recognized tumor of salivary glands characterized by the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene. This tumor is very rare in children and adolescents. We report a case of MASC in a 15-year-old girl, the fifth youngest case so far reported. The patient complained of a left infra-auricular mass that gradually enlarged for a year. Fine-needle aspiration cytology/imprint cytology showed individual tumor cells that had faintly eosinophilic granular cytoplasm with secretion granules sometimes seen adjacent to the tumor cells. These cytological features overlapped between those of zymogen granule-poor acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) and MASC. In addition to the case report, we present a review of the related literature with a focus on the cytological features of MASC. The differential diagnostic clues are also discussed.
1. Introduction
Malignant tumors of the salivary gland are rare in the pediatric population. Of these, the most common histological types are mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) [1]. Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) is a recently established salivary gland tumor, and it has been shown to affect both adult and child populations [2].
Herein, we report a case of parotid gland MASC in a 15-year-old girl along with a review of the literature on MASC in the young. Our case was cytologically diagnosed as “ACiCC, mostly composed of intercalated duct cell type.” After surgical resection, it was successfully diagnosed as MASC of the parotid gland, by the detection of an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene by RT-PCR. A retrospective review of the cytology indicated convincing features of MASC. We discuss here what could aid the diagnosis of MASC and the differentiation from acinic cell carcinoma (ACiCC), one of the most difficult salivary gland tumors to differentiate. As far as we know, only 7 cases of MASC have been reported with molecular confirmation below 19 years of age [3–8], and this is the 5th youngest case of it.
2. Case Presentation
A 15-year-old girl visited hospital for an otorhinolaryngology consultation because of a left infra-auricular mass, which had shown gradual enlargement for a year. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was performed and the diagnosis of possible ACiCC was rendered. The patient was introduced to our hospital in order to proceed onto surgery. The FNA materials obtained at the former hospital, consisting of 2 Papanicolaou-stained slides and 1 Giemsa-stained slide, were submitted to our hospital and ACiCC was again most strongly suspected by our cytological diagnosis. A CT scan showed a 2.8 cm sized mass in the left parotid gland (Figure 1). The patient underwent excision of her whole left parotid gland and imprint cytology was also obtained intraoperatively. This case had no metastasis in the regional lymph nodes of levels 1–4 and was staged as T1N0M0, Stage I. No adjuvant therapy was given, and the patient has no evidence of disease 40 months after surgery.
2.1. FNA and Imprint Cytology
The FNA specimen and imprint specimen showed similar cytological features; that is, the architecture of cells, individual cell appearance, and background were very similar between them. The cell clusters were mostly thin sheet-like, sometimes with slight accumulation, or were seen in an arborizing pattern with a vascular core (Figure 2(a)). Tubule formation was sometimes seen (Figure 2(b)). The cell adhesion between the tumor cells looked rather loose and they seemed easy to detach (Figure 2(c)). The cell border between the tumor cells was indistinct (Figure 2(d)). Individual tumor cells had slightly eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm (Figures 2(d) and 2(e)). Cytoplasmic vacuoles were not remarkable. Tumor cells were relatively uniform throughout, with little cellular pleomorphism. The nuclei of the tumor cells were round with no distortion and located mostly peripherally, containing small nucleoli. Although it was not recognized as such at the time of cytological diagnosis, retrospective review sometimes revealed a light-greenish material corresponding to material secreted by the tumor cells attached to the cell cluster (Figure 2(f)). Giemsa-stained specimen also showed that tumor cells had slightly eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm (Figure 2(g)). Pinkish material showing slight metachromacy was seen inside tubular structures/in the background (Figures 2(f) and 2(g)).
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2.2. Surgical Specimen
Cut sections of the surgical specimen showed a 3.0 × 2.8 × 2.5-cm sized, uncircumscribed, whitish, elastic hard mass in both lobes of the left parotid gland (Figure 3(a)). Histopathologically, the tumor grew partially with a multinodular appearance but often showed invasive growth with fibrotic/hyalinized stroma (Figure 3(b)). In the tumor nodule, tumor cells formed small tubules or acini sometimes with secretory material inside (Figure 3(c)). Tumor cells were relatively uniform, similar to intercalated duct cells, and often had vacuolated cytoplasm (Figure 3(d)). A small portion of the tumor showed the aggregates of irregularly dilated glands with secretory material inside (Figure 3(e)). Only a few mitotic figures were observed. No lymphatic/vascular or perineural invasion was evident.
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Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain showed positivity for the eosinophilic material inside the dilated tubule and the luminal site of the tumor tubules, but negativity for the cytoplasm, suggesting a lack of zymogen granules. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were intensely positive for S-100 (Figure 3(f)), GCDFP-15, and mammaglobin (Figure 3(g)), while ER, PgR, HER2, and p63 were negative. The Ki-67 index of the tumor was 22%.
2.3. Molecular Pathology
A formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded section obtained from the surgical specimen was submitted for RT-PCR studies. RNA was extracted and converted into cDNA. RT-PCR was performed using previously described primer pairs [9]. This analysis revealed the presence of an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion transcript in this tumor (Figures 4(a) and 4(b)). The final diagnosis was MASC.
3. Discussion
MASC was first described by Skálová et al. in 2010 [9] and more than 90 cases have been reported in the last 2 years [2]. Unlike secretory breast carcinoma, which is usually seen in young patients, MASC occurs in both children and adults (13 to 72 years), with an average age of 44.2 years, and shows slight male predominance. The present case was a 15-year-old female with the complaint of an infra-auricular mass/swelling for one year and is the fifth youngest case of MASC so far reported with molecular conformation (Table 1). Although relatively rare, we need to keep this entity in mind for the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors in pediatric patients. In pediatrics, the majority of MASC occur in the parotid gland, but they can occur in other locations, such as lips, and are most often diagnosed as AciCC before molecular study [3–8].
The cytological distinction between zymogen granule-poor ACiCC and MASC without molecular study or immunohistochemical study is very difficult, since the cytology of MASC has many overlapping features with AciCC. However, there seem to be several cytological features suggestive of MASC, such as papillary structure, extracellular and intracellular mucinous material, vacuolated cytoplasm, tumor cells with low-grade nuclear atypia, and abundant vascularity [3–8, 10–12]. Retrospectively, three out of five of the above-mentioned features, mucinous material (extracellular, in this case), low-grade nuclear atypia, and abundant vascularity, were seen in the present case, which might have led to the diagnosis of MASC. According to Griffith et al., the subtle clues for discriminating MASC from ACiCC are prominent extracellular and intracellular mucin, greater size variability of cytoplasmic vacuoles, and clinical information such as the tumor’s anatomic site and the sex of the patient [7]. The absence of basophilic cytoplasmic granules seen in ACiCC is also important.
In MASC, it is described that perineural invasion is uncommon and that lymphovascular invasion has not been reported; therefore, MASC is currently regarded as a low-grade carcinoma, and its prognosis appears to be favorable [9]. The present case is alive and well with no evidence of disease 40 months after surgery. Skálová et al. recently showed that MASC can transform into a high-grade tumor [13]. Therefore, it should be considered by cytologists that tumor cells with high-grade nuclear atypia might appear in the cytological specimen of MASC.
In conclusion, the cytological features of MASC of the salivary gland of a 15-year-old girl were reported. Since preoperative FNA is increasingly and widely used for tumors of the salivary gland owing to its simplicity and safety, it is necessary for cytologists and pathologists to be aware of the cytology of recently established tumors such as MASC.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the fifth youngest case of MASC reported in the literature.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interests to declare.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. T. Nagao, Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, for consultation on the histopathological diagnosis of this case. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture (no. 26670286 to Tsuyoshi Saito), Tokyo, Japan.