|
Behavioral insomnia of childhood [8] |
(i) Inconsistent bedtime routine |
(ii) Inadequate limit setting |
(iii) Use of electronic device |
(iv) Parental discord |
(v) Emotional, physical, and sexual abuse |
Primary sleep disorders [8, 9] |
(i) Obstructive sleep apnea |
(ii) Circadian rhythm sleep wake disorders |
(iii) Parasomnias |
(iv) Restless leg syndrome |
(v) Periodic limb movements of sleep |
(vi) Bruxism |
Medical conditions [9–14] |
(i) Allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, otitis media, asthma, chronic cough, and cystic fibrosis |
(ii) Colic, gastroesophageal reflux, inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome |
(iii) Malignancy and sickle cell anemia |
(iv) Congenital heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias |
(v) Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and thyroid disease |
(vi) Chronic pain and fibromyalgia |
Acquired central nervous system disorders [7, 15–19] |
(i) Concussion and postconcussive syndrome |
(ii) Traumatic brain injury |
(iii) Viral, bacterial, or autoimmune meningoencephalitis |
(iv) Increased intracranial pressure |
(v) Stroke |
Neurologic disorders [9, 11, 20–23] |
(i) Neurodegenerative disease and static encephalopathy |
(ii) Autism spectrum disorder |
(iii) Cerebral palsy |
(iv) Intellectual disability |
(v) Visual and/or hearing impairment |
(vi) Migraine headaches, tension headaches, and chronic daily headache |
(vii) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
(viii) Epilepsy |
(ix) Multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis |
(x) Myasthenia gravis |
Psychiatric disorders [8, 9, 11, 24] |
(i) Major depressive disorder |
(ii) Anxiety disorders |
(iii) Posttraumatic stress disorders |
(iv) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
(v) Bipolar affective disorder |
(vi) Schizophrenia |
(vii) Psychosis |
Medication-induced insomnia [25] |
(i) Acute intoxication |
(ii) Alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drug use |
(iii) Caffeine |
(iv) Diet pills |
(v) Antibiotics |
(vi) Antidepressants |
(vii) Antipsychotics |
(viii) Alpha 2 agonists |
(ix) Beta antagonists |
(x) Beta agonists |
(xi) Glucocorticoids |
(xii) Antihistamines |
(xiii) Decongestants |
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